GD topics given for campus recruitments are normally fairly simple. You will be able to speak on them comfortably with a moderate level of knowledge base. The focus here is on the logic of the points that the participant puts forward, his communication skills and how well he is able to mix with the group.
We strongly advise students to read an English Newspaper daily and be abreast of current happenings and issues.
Sample Group Discussion Topics for Campus Recruitment
I. IT INDUSTRY RELATED
1. The future of Indian IT industry
2. BPO - a rising opportunity or a passing fad?
3. With the increasing use of IT in daily life, machines are controlling man.
4. India - an IT super power?
5. IT helps social integration
6. Increasing use of computers is de-humanizing society.
II. SPORTS
1. Is cricket hampering the growth of other sports in India?
2. What is wrong with Indian sports?
3. One billon people and only one Olympic medal!
4. How can we make India a sporting super power?
5. Sania Mirza - the Indian Kournikova
6. Are Indian cricketers over-rated?
7. Should the Indian cricket team have a foreign coach?
8. Cricket telecast is a waste of time.
III. SOCIAL
1. Should euthanasia be legalized?
2. Capital punishment should be abolished.
3. Cloning of human beings should be allowed.
4. Is pocket money enough for the youth of today?
5. Love cannot be confined to Valentine's Day.
6. A women's place is at home.
7. Parents don't understand children.
8. Are we raising a society of burnt out children?
9. Should we have job reservation in the private sector?
10. Beauty pageants are a waste of time and should be banned.
11. Is women empowerment a myth?
12. The biggest problem facing India is _________
13 Film awards are a farce and should be stopped.
14 Brain drain vs brain in the drain.
15. The media should be more socially responsible.
IV. POLITICS
1. Politics is the root cause of all problems in India.
2. Politics of criminals vs criminalisation of politics.
3. For true democracy to happen, it must first happen within all political parties.
4. Women's reservation in Parliament.
5. Should India give up Kashmir?
V. CAMPUS
1. Should use of mobile phones be banned on campus?
2. Should college students wear uniforms?
3. Privatisation of professional education: Is it good or bad?
4. Should politics be allowed on campus?
5. We should shift to Open Book Policy for examinations.
6. Our education system should be revamped.
VI. ETHICAL
1. Is honesty the best policy for a citizen of India?
2. Profit is a bad word in business.
3. Ethics and business do not co-exist.
4. Advertising is all glitter and no truth.
VII. ABSTRACT
1. The Sun always rises in the East.
2. The colour of the cat is not a matter of concern as long as it catches mice.
3. Green is better than red.
4. Life is like a box of chocolates.
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Tips for Group Discussions (GD)
What is a Group Discussion? Where is it used?
A GD (Group Discussion) is a forum where people sit together, discuss a topic for a certain amount of time with the common objective of finding a solution for a problem or discussing an issue that is given to them.
Why are Group Discussions used as a part of the selection process? How are they useful?
Group Discussions measure certain attributes of the candidates that are otherwise difficult to identify and time consuming to assess. A number of people who can communicate their ideas well and discuss effectively with others in a one-to-one situation become tongue-tied in a group situation. They will just not be able to present their ideas or discuss their ideas with the other members of the group. A Group Discussion will identify people who have such group communication skills and people who do not possess such group communication skills.
What are the similarities / differences between Group Discussions and Public Speaking / Debating?
Debating and Public Speaking are one-to-many communication situations whereas a Group Discussion is a many-to-many situation. A debate, an elocution or a public speaking contest are solo performances whereas a Group Discussion is NOT. In a debate, it is your individual views that matter. In a Group Discussion, apart from your individual views, he views of the entire group matter.
In Public Speaking / Debating, the speaker can take a particular position on the topic and speak accordingly. In a Group Discussion, all the members of the group will participate and one has to listen to the views of the other members of the group. It is a discussion and the speaker will be "interrupted" by the other members of the group while speaking.
How is a Group Discussion conducted?
A group of candidates are made to sit together in a circular / semi-circular fashion or in a U-shape. There will be a person to co-ordinate the Group Discussion (called the moderator).
After the topic is given, the candidates start discussing the topic amongst themselves. They stop the discussion when the moderator asks them to stop.
How many candidates will there be in a Group Discussion?
The group size could range between eight to fifteen students.
How much time is given for each Group Discussion?
Normally, 15 to 20 minutes.
Are the participants expected to address each other by name?
No. You should address a specific person either by looking at him / her directly or by pointing out to him / her.
What is the role of the moderator?
The primary role of the moderator is to evaluate the performance of every participant. He is the person who tells the group members what they should do, announces the topic and the time for the discussion, keeps track of the time of the Group Discussion and evaluates the performance of the candidates who participated in the Group Discussion. For all practical purposes, he is non-existent once the Group Discussion starts.
Does the moderator write the topic on the board?
The moderator normally does not write the topic on the board. He just reads it out and repeats it once - you have to be attentive while the topic is being given and make sure that you have got the wording right.
Will we be given paper and pen / pencil to note down the topic?
No. You are normally expected to carry your own pen / pencil and paper to a Group Discussion.
What are the methods that can be used for idea generation? Top
The three methods / approaches are
# Key Word Approach (KWA)
# Viewpoint of Affected Parties (VAP)
# Socio-cultural, Political, Economic, Legal and Technological (SPELT) angles to the given topic.
What is KWA?
In this approach, you should look at the topic word by word. Take each key word or phrase of the topic and see what it means. It has to be clarified as to what "frame of reference" you are using.
Example topic: Excessive exposure of female anatomy in advertising should be banned.
Excessive Exposure: What is exposure? How can excessive / adequate be defined? How does it affect the viewers? What will be the impact on various categories of viewers, say children?
Advertising: Types of advertisements? What is the Purpose of advertising? What is effective advertising? When are females effective in advertisement?
Ban: Is it possible to ban and implement the ban? Will the ban be effective? What was the impact of other things that were banned? Is it correct for a democratic society to ban all? Share things that some of its members dislike?
What is VAP?
It stands for Viewpoint of Affected Parties. Consider all the people or parties who are likely to be affected by the topic viewers / readers, parents, children; the companies whose products are being advertised; advertising agencies / media TV, newspapers, magazine) who are the people involved in "exposing".
What is SPELT?
Socio-cultural: Our culture and traditions; family set-up values and related issues
Political: The political will to implement an action of this nature
Economic: The adverse effect on the performance of advertising companies, advertising agencies.
Legal: Is such a ban legally tenable? The affected parties are likely to take recourse to legal help.
Technological: How can such a ban be implemented on media like satellite TV?
Is it admirable to take a position in favour of the topic or against the topic?
A Group Discussion is not a debate where you have to decide whether you would like to speak for the topic or against the topic. This is a "discussion" where you have to bring out all aspects pertaining to the topic. You have to bring out the points in favour of the topic as well as those against the topic and discuss them in the group.
Don't start the Group Discussions with statements like "I whole heartedly support the topic …" or "I completely disagree with the topic ….", etc.
What should I do if some other members of the group interrupt me when I am speaking?
If you are speaking, you should try preventing others from grabbing your chance. When some other participant tries to interrupt you while you are speaking, you should tell him / her clearly and unambiguously that you should be allowed to speak. You can say, "Excuse me, please let me complete." Or, you can say, "Just a minute - let me finish my point".
Can we use Malayalam in the middle of our discussion for better effect?
A GD is a formal situation and therefore your entire discussion should be in proper English.
Will using statistics help in a GD?
If using statistics is going to enhance the presentability of your point, then go ahead and use them.
Can I question the other group members on what they say?
Asking questions just for the sake of asking questions, once again, is not going to get you any marks.
What should I do if I do not know anything about the topic?
Make sure that you have read up about a large variety of issues. You should just keep quiet in the initial stages and listen to what the others are saying. Once you get a good enough idea about what the others are saying, use those points combined with your common sense and come up with your own points. You can also try and use KWA and SPELT to help yourself generate ideas.
Should I be the first one to speak in the GD? Will it fetch me additional marks if I initiate the GD?
You are going to get only a small advantage. The marks you get will depend on your overall performance.
Case studies and a sample case
How is a case-based GD different from a topic-based GD? What are the similarities and differences?
While topic-based GDs are more free-wheeling in nature, case-based GDs are more structured and the direction of the discussion is almost pre- determined by the identified problem.
Topic-based GDs may or may not lead to any specific conclusion whereas case-based GDs will essentially move towards a solution.
While doing the case-based GDs, you will be required to don the role of the person in the case who needs to take a decision. The problems associated with the decision-maker will have to be considered and to that extent there are limitations. In a topic-based GD, you present your views and opinions as reflective of your own self and you need not assume the role of anybody else.
What exactly is a case and how long will it be?
It can be business situations or social or economic related situations. A case is a narration of a situation or an event. It usually has a situation wherein a decision has to be taken. Your approach to taking the decision and your interaction with the other members of the group while in the process of taking a decision will be evaluated by the moderator. At times the moderator might ask you to write a summary of the case at the end.
How should one go about anayzing and discussing a case?
First of all, when you read the case, try focussing on the following issues:
Who is the main decision-maker and what is the central problem? What are the decision-maker's constraints and resources? What variables need be considered for decision-making?
Then use the following framework to analyse it for yourself and subsequently for discussing the case with the group. The steps involved in this framework are:
# Identification of the problem or the objective of the decision-maker
# Identify the criteria for evaluating alternative courses of action
# Identify alternative solutions to solve the problem
# Evaluate the alternatives against the criteria
# Prepare an action plan
# Generate a contingency plan
Types of Group Discussions Top
Are there different types of Group Discussions?
Group Discussions are divided into two broad categories based on the topic / issue given for discussion.
# Topic-based Group Discussions, and
# Case-based Group Discussions (also called Case Studies).
In topic-based Group Discussions, the group discusses a topic that is typically in the form of a statement. By the end of the discussion, the group should strive to arrive at a consensus on the issue that is covered by the topic
In case studies, a short description of a situation is given to all the participants. The participants have to study the case, analyse the problem, and then discuss their views about the possible solution to the problem with the other members of the group.
In topic-based Group Discussions, what types of topics will be given?
The topics that are given in Group Discussions are of two types - knowledge-based, and abstract.
Knowledge-based topics are such that you need to have some knowledge about the topic to be able to speak on the topic. An example for this type of topics is "India should withdraw from WTO".
Economic topics: A significant proportion of the topics given by a number of organisations is based on Economics, either pertaining to India or international in dimension. Topics like "India should slow down the pace of Liberalisation" or "The economics of technology-driven systems do not help developing nations". You should be familiar with critical economic indicators such as GDP, the plan outlay, sectoral allocations from the budget, trade and fiscal balances, export & import items and values, banking concepts, and interest rates, stock indices, etc.
Social topics: Topics like "Dowry continues to haunt Indian brides" or "Education should become a fundamental duty", etc., are examples of social topics. While discussing social topics, you should be clear about both the 'generic' nature of the topic and the 'specific' manifestations of the social issue.
Political topics: If a given topic is "Coalition politics in a poor country like India is a drain on the national Economy," you need to know the nature of coalition politics, the political and social ramifications, the economic fall-out of coalition politics, and the economic problems of India as affected by the political state of affairs.
Sports / Films-related topics: Recently concluded tournaments / cups like the Olympic Games can be the subject matter for a number of GD topics. The topics may be direct and encompass the discipline in general like "Should India announce a Sports holiday?" or they could be specific to a particular game like "Indian cricket has reached the point of no return". The topic could be interdisciplinary in nature like "Too much of consumer time and money is spent on cricket. This is leading to wastage of national resources".
IT-based: "We need more money to fertilise crops rather than to increase bandwidth" or "The IT bubble has finally burst - even in India". Ideas like e-governance and networking are all potential topics.
Abstract Topics are such that you do not really need any knowledge about the topic to speak on the topic. Your worldly knowledge and common sense will help you in speaking on the topic. Topics like "The farther we look the closer we are" and "Poverty and richness will eventually mean the same" are examples of abstract topics. Abstract topics can be best discussed using appropriate exemplification.
You have to be regular with newspaper reading, especially the editorial column.
For current issues, you should go through good magazines - of the last 8 to 10 months. This should include at least one business magazine (Business India, Business Today or Business world) and one general magazine (India Today, Outlook, Frontline, etc.). Your focus should be on the "why and how" rather than on the "when and where" of the issues.
For issues that are not current, a single source that can help you is any guide that covers the preparation for the General Studies paper of Civil Services Examination.
What does the moderator look for in the participants in a Group Discussion? Top
1.Content
2.Communication skills
3.Group behavioural skills
4.Leadership skills
Let us look at each of them in detail.
Content
Content is the single most important factor in a Group Discussion. The moderator would like to understand how well-versed you are with the knowledge relevant to the topic. It shows how well-read you are. It is very important for you to clearly display your understanding of all the issues pertaining to the topic.
Communication skills
If the content aspect covers "what to say" in a Group Discussion, Communication pertains to "how to say it".
Communication covers three different aspects. They are
(i) Correctly conveying what you want to say,
(ii) Listening, and
(iii) Language.
You should listen to and understand the views expressed by the other group members, integrate them with your ideas, present a cogent picture of the group's view and help arrive at a consensus in the discussion.
Leadership means showing 'direction' to the group. A leader is not the person who speaks the most in a group - a leader is the person who is 'spoken to' the most.
It is not possible for all members of a group to display leadership skills. If you get an opportunity to lead the group, do so by all means. However, do not go out of your way to establish yourself as a leader. It is quite adequate if you are able to display your knowledge, communicate effectively, and behave maturely with your fellow group members.
Remember one important rule - you have here in order to get selected for the organisation of your choice. You are not there to make policy decisions for the government. Nor are you there to convince all your fellow group members that your point of view is the only one that they should follow. You are only there to contribute to the group in a manner that convinces the moderator that you will make a good student at his / her management school. Everything that you do or say should keep this all-important fact in mind.
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How to face Campus Recruitment Interviews ?
1. For how long will a typical interview last?
Placement interviews last anywhere from 5-6 minutes to 30-40 minutes. However, you should not come to any conclusion about your chances based on the duration of the interview. A short interview is not necessarily bad. A long interview is not necessarily good.
2. What are the types of recruitment interviews?
While some companies conduct separate HR and Technical interviews (these could be individual elimination rounds or the candidate may be put through both the interviews) some companies combine both Tech and HR modes under a single interview.
3. What is the size and composition of the interview panel?
The size of the interview panel normally varies from one to three. With the top I.T companies drastically scaling up their intake, recruitment teams are under time pressure. Hence single panels are becoming increasingly popular. Recruitment teams comprise senior or middle management personnel from both HR and Technical functions in the company.
4. Should I carry all my certificates with me to the interview?
Carry all the original certificates (starting from 10th standard) with you when you go for an interview. Please also carry one set of attested photocopies of all the certificates (which you can give to the interview panel in case they ask for it).
You should also carry any certificates that you may have pertaining to your extra-curricular activities (indicating awards won, participation in various events/games/sports).
5. What is the appropriate dress code for an interview?
An interview is a formal occasion and you are expected to attend the same in formal wear. Casual wear like jeans, sneakers, etc. are ruled out. If you are a male, you should tuck your shirt in, use a tie and wear formal shoes. Shave on the morning of the interview – do not go for the interview with stubble. If you are a female, you can wear a dress or a saree or skirt and shirt. If you have long hair, neatly plait it or tend to it in a manner that it does not look unkempt.
Before you go into the interview room, make sure that you take a couple of minutes to comb your hair.
6. How should we enter the interview room? What should we do after we enter the interview room?
Normally, when your turn comes, either one of the panel members or an assistant will come and call you into the room for your interview. Whether the door is open or net knock gently on the door. At the door, clearly and loudly say, “May I come in, sir” and walk in without any trepidation.
Once you reach the interviewers’ table, wish the panel members (by saying “Good morning” or “Good afternoon”), and wait for the interview panel to ask you to be seated.
7. Is there any good sitting posture?
There are no rules regarding sitting posture. You may read in some books that you should cross your legs at the knees, tuck your feet under the chair, put your hands in your lap, etc. as suggested ways of sitting in an interview. Just ignore all such advice – whatever posture you are comfortable with, adopt that posture. However, you have to ensure that you convey seriousness. So, any posture conveying casualness should be avoided – like sitting back in the chair and rocking the chair on its hind legs.
As far as your hands are concerned, you can keep them on the arm-rests of the chair you are sitting in or you can keep them in your lap.
8. Can I lean forward and keep my file and rest my elbows on the interviewers’ table?
No. The table belongs to the interviewers – it is their property. Do not lean on the table. Keep your file in your lap. However, you can use the table when the need arises – for example, if you need to write or draw something as a part of your reply to a question, then you can keep your paper or book (and the file) on the table, write whatever you have to and once it is over, take your file and paper back and keep them in your lap.
9. What type of language should we use in the interview?
As already discussed, an interview is a formal occasion. It requires formal language and that too, English. Do not switch to vernacular in the middle of your conversation in an interview. However, you need not worry about the fluency of your language. Go ahead and communicate your ideas in as simple a language as possible without worrying about any language errors you may make.
10. What role does body language have to play in an interview?
Use body language – movement of hands, head, etc. – in a manner that conveys confidence and has a positive impact on the interviewers. Do not overdo your hand movements, etc. Gesticulate only to the extent necessary.
11. What does the interview panel look for in a candidate in an interview?
The interviewers will look for a candidate who has an aptitude and skill required for the job and who can be moulded to take up higher levels of responsibility in future. The suitability is established by looking at the knowledge and behavioural dimensions. Knowledge, aptitude, willingness to learn, ability to adapt to situations, ability to be a part of a team, logical flow of ideas, balanced thought process and a very clear goal orientation are some of the parameters that interviewers will check on. The candidate should also be able to apply his skills in tune with the ethical and moral framework of the society.
12. How do the interviewers assess the candidate in this manner?
The interview panel members assess the candidate by asking him/her a variety of questions and looking at the candidate’s responses for these questions. Whatever be the questions asked, they look for certain qualities and attributes in the candidate. The main qualities that they look for in the candidates are:
Level of knowledge the candidates possesses
Conceptual understanding of issues
Clarity of thought
Communication skills
Planning of career
Basic personality
Reacting to a situation
Knowledge is the single most important attribute that the interviewers look for in the candidates.
The candidate should have a proper understanding of the issues involved. Whether it is the subjects that you studied in college or it is other areas that you claim to have knowledge in (like computers and software), the panel members will be interested not just in the marks scored in exams but also your basic conceptual understanding of various issues involved.
In addition to conceptual understanding, the interviewers will be interested in your ability to apply what you have learnt to other areas. This reflects in the clarity of thought that you are able to exhibit. Your thinking process is reflected in your answers to a variety of questions and hence, it is imperative that you think through the question before you hasten to give a reply to the question asked.
Your ability to express your ideas clearly and succinctly is an attribute that carries a lot of weight in the interview, and this is something that the interviewers will be looking for specifically. Communication skills play an important part, and you have to make a conscious effort to communicate properly what you have in mind.
The interviewers will also be interested in knowing how well you have thought about your career how you are planning for your career. They want to be assured that you are not generally drifting in the sea of life and have come to their port not by chance but you are there by design and prior planning.
You will also be evaluated on a number of personality related issues including, your value systems.
The interview panel members are likely to create situations to see how you will react to different situations. This is essential because, in real life, you will face a number of situations and you will have to react to them without any additional time to think about them.
In fact, if we have to describe what an interview is in one statement, it is all about how you think on your feet and react to situations.
13. What are the different types or categories of questions?
Different companies focus on different aspects. The nature and type of questions also vary from one candidate to the other for the same company.
Hence, a candidate should prepare on a range of areas/questions like.
Self introduction
Subject Knowledge/specialization
Awareness about the domains/areas where the company is operating
Career related questions
Personality related questions
Hobbies/Interests/Extra-curricular activities
14. Since you are saying that certain questions or types of questions are likely to be asked in the interviews, is it advisable to prepare answers for these questions and go for the interviews?
While you should prepare for interviews, you should not be preparing a specific answer for any question. Let us understand the difference. Preparing for the interview or for a particular question will mean that you think through the question, what your approach will be in handling the question and what points you will consider in answering the question. Preparing an answer will necessarily entail working out your answer (in its entirety) and, probably, even committing it to memory. This will not help. Once you are clear as to what points you will cover in your answer, the answer itself should be framed in the interview – on the spot. Make sure that you never go with answers learnt by heart. It is very easy for an experienced interviewer to make out that the answer is not spontaneous and that it is coming from memory.
15. What should be the answer for the question “Tell us something about yourself?”
First of all, note that there is nothing like “the answer” or “the correct answer” for any question – except for questions which require a fact to be given as the answer.
“Tell us something about yourself” is the first question asked in a number of interviews. This question is asked for two different reasons. The first is that it puts you at ease, as it is a fairly easy question to deal with. The second reason is that the interviewers get to know some basic details about you, while at the same time, getting a little bit of time to go through your application/bio-data.
Nevertheless, it is an important question. This often lays the foundation for the entire interview – a number of subsequent questions can be based on what you say in response to this question.
You should cover your educational background very briefly and then emphasize on your technical skills and favourite subjects. Highlight your achievements be it academics or otherwise. Mention hobbies and extracurricular activities and a few details on the kind of person you are likes etc. Family background is not essential. In case you cover this, do so very briefly.
16. What is the level of questions in academics?
Subject knowledge is given significant weightage by interviewers. Such questions are aimed at testing your understanding of the basic concepts in the area of your graduation. Focus would be on areas of work of the company, electives, projects, favourite subjects etc. You should have an idea about new developments in your area of study. Unless you prepare thoroughly for academic related questions, you could get into serious trouble in the interview.
17. Most I.T companies recruit students from non-I.T branches. How should I prepare?
You should be comfortable in answering questions in your branch of study and should be able to indicate your interest in I.T. For example, if a mechanical engineer is going for an I.T job, he should still be clear about basic concepts in mechanical engineering. The interviewers may check this out to see how good your basic engineering skills and aptitude are. The candidate should also be clear about applications of I.T in his field of study and should highlight his proficiency/aptitude in programming/other areas in I.T to establish his interest in this field.
18. What are the typical questions that the interviewers ask in the area of “personality related questions?”
Personality related questions basically include two types of questions. The first type is about your "Strengths and Weaknesses." Strengths and weaknesses are asked very frequently and this is a fairly important question. It requires prior thinking and proper preparation.
The second type of questions on your personality relate to your value systems. The interviewers may ask you about the values you believe in. There can be questions on honesty and integrity. Very often, the interview panel members may create a situation involving compromise of values and ask you to react.
19. What are the strengths that we can talk of?
Do not look at a “standard list” of strengths from which you can pick up your strengths. You have to assess your own personality and come with your strengths. Typically, they may pertain to hard working nature, congeniality, convincing ability, discipline, punctuality, goal-oriented approach, analytical approach to problem solving, working well in a group, etc. Make it your list of strengths and not what somebody else has told you. Also, after you tell the interviewers about your strengths, be ready to face a follow-up question asking you to give a situation where your strengths helped you or to explain how you realised that you had these strengths. You should be prepared to give an example by narrating a short incident which highlights your strengths.
20. Can I say that I do not have any weaknesses? If I mention some weaknesses, will it not go against me?
There will hardly be any human being without any weaknesses at all. So, do not worry about mentioning your weaknesses in an interview. It will not go against you. What the interviewers will be interested in is how well you are able to assess yourself, and after identifying your weaknesses, what action you are taking to overcome such weaknesses.
If you give a reply like “I do not have any weaknesses,” it will reflect poorly on your self-assessment capabilities. Assess your weaknesses along with your strengths before you go for the interviews. Talk to your close friends and immediate family members. They are the best people to give you an idea about your weaknesses – what you are not good at. Be prepared to explain what steps you are taking to overcome your weaknesses.
Almost every one of us will have one or more of the weaknesses like lack of punctuality, impatience, impulsive decision-making, etc.
21. What are the typical questions that the interviewers ask in the area of ‘career related questions’
Typically the questions will focus on what you intend to do in life, how you envisage your career taking shape, why you chose your branch of study, how do you plan to use the knowledge acquired in work, why you want to choose a particular area/branch of work, alternate career plans, why you intend to join a particular company, which domain/area you wish to work in, how you will contribute to the organization, where do you see yourselves in 5/10 years from now etc.
Most interviewers expect you to have a goal or a career objective. You may not be in a position to spell out your plan in detail. Nevertheless, you should have a broad framework and alternate plans in mind. If you indicate that you have no idea about your future plan, it could mean that you are a drifter and this could work against you.
For questions on ‘where you see yourselves 5/10 years from now’ get details from seniors or friends working in the industry and from websites of leading companies in the industry. This will help you to understand how careers of people progress in organizations and to frame an answer.
22. How to tackle a question “why do you want to join us?”.
Before the interview, prepare specifically on the company by gathering information about them from magazines, seniors and friends working there and the company website. Check out basic like revenue, net profit, growth, spread across countries/states, take overs, domains/areas of specialisation, products, awards won, latest news, corporate governance etc. This will give you ample information to be prepared for this question.
23. How should we prepare for questions asked about my hobbies and interests?
Normally, the interviewers will ask you questions on your extra-curricular activities, hobbies and interests. In case you have none, tell them that you do not have any. But if you have any, then you should be ready to deal with them in some depth. For example, if cricket is one of your extra-curricular activities or hobbies, then you should be able to deal with past statistics, current happenings in cricket including the names of players in the teams of various countries.
If reading is one of your hobbies, potential questions include: the names of the authors whose books you read, the names of the books that you have read in the recent past, the main characters in those books, an analysis of the characters, etc.
If you indicate reading of magazines as one of your interests, then you should be ready with the following details for the magazines that you read regularly: the names of the publishers, the number of languages in which they are published, names of the editors, recent cover stories, etc.
For the newspapers that you read daily, you will need to know details like the places from where the newspapers are published, the names of the editors, etc.
You may also face a question on how your hobbies/interests have helped you mould your character or will help you in achieving your career goals.
24. How much time will we get to think before we start answering a question?
The general rule that you should observe is “Think before you answer any question.” Do not be in a tearing hurry to give a reply. You need not start your reply the moment the question is asked. You can take 2-3 seconds to answer the question. This valuable time helps you collect your thoughts before you answer the question. This is particularly useful if the question is slightly “uncomfortable.”
25. Should we give short and crisp answers to the questions asked or should we give elaborate answers?
You should avoid giving “Yes” or “No” as the responses to questions that you are asked in the interview. You should also avoid one-word answers. While you should not end up giving a very long answer to any question, give a long enough answer to communicate clearly your thinking on the issue that is under discussion. Remember, the interviewer would like to know your personality, clarity of thought, etc. Hence, you should look at every question as an opportunity to let the interviewer know more about you.
26. If we do not know answers to some questions, can we guess? Aren’t there chances that the interviewer himself may not know the answers?
Do not underestimate the calibre or the intelligence of the interviewers – normally they are very learned people. It is in your interest that you do not work on the premise that the interviewer may not know the answer. If you do not know the answer, say that you do not know. However, if you want to guess, do so by saying that you would like to guess the answer. You can say, “Sorry sir, I do not know the answer. However, can I make a guess?”
Your making a guess will work only for questions that are fact based and not opinion based. If the interviewers ask you for your opinion on an issue, you cannot obviously say that you do not know.
27. Should we always be completely honest in an interview?
In general, “honesty is the best policy” in an interview. Be your natural self as far as answering questions is concerned. However, in our day-to-day interaction with anybody, all of us wear a “mask” to show a different identity form what we are. The type and level of mask may vary from person to person. You should try to have a genuinely pleasant expression on your face. Smile often.
28. What should we do if the interviewers ask irrelevant questions?
Do not ever believe that the interviewers are asking you questions that are not relevant to the selection process. In an interview, there is nothing like an irrelevant question. Remember that the interviewer is trying to assess you based on how you react to situations. As discussed already, look at every question as an opportunity. Tackle it keeping in mind that your thought process is under scrutiny – the issue under discussion is not relevant.
29. What is a stress interview? Are stress interviews common in campus selection process?
In almost all the Campus selection interviews, the interviewers try to make the interviewee as comfortable as possible. Very seldom does one come across stress interviews in campus recruitments.
In stress interviews, the candidate is subjected to pressure.
Right from the word “go,” the interviewers shoot questions at rapid-fire speed. They will probably not give enough time to the interviewee for any question – before the interviewee can complete an answer, the next question is asked. Sometimes, the next question is asked even before the candidate starts the answer. The interviewers also tend to make fun of the candidate almost throughout the interview – making comments that the candidate does not know anything, etc. They can ask very personal questions in a stress interview which can make the candidate very uncomfortable.
While stress interviews do not form a significant proportion of the total number of interviews conducted for any institute, it is not uncommon to find a stress interview here or there. You should be mentally prepared to face a stress interview.
30. How should we tackle stress interviews?
On the basis of how the interview progresses, you can make out whether your interview is a stress interview in the first half a minute itself.
The most important thing in a stress interview is that you should keep your cool. Since the panel members are putting you under severe stress, they will give you the benefit of doubt in case you are not able to answer the questions at all or you give a wrong answer. They will not hold it against you as much as they would in a normal interview.
Do not react to their taunting remarks. If they make a caustic remarks, just smile and say, “I understand that that is your view, sir, but my view is …….” Do not sitting there cursing yourself for getting into that mess. Focus on the question that they are asking next.
Overall, a candidate who can keep his/her cool will come out in flying colours from a stress interview.
31. At the end of the interview, how will the interviewers indicate that the interview is over?
They will make a clear statement like, “Thank you, Mr. ---------. Wish you all the best.” Sometimes, the interviewers may ask you question like, “Would you like to ask us anything?” Such a question also indicates that they are through with their questions.
32. In such a case, can I ask them any questions?
You certainly can. However, ask questions that are relevant. Please do not ask questions like “How did I perform in my interview?” or “How did I do in my written test?” or “Will I get selected?”
You can use this opportunity to highlight your interest in the company. For example say, “you have been consistently growing at the rate of 30% annually. What helps you to maintain such a high growth?”
If you don’t have any specific questions just say “Thank you sirs. I don’t have any questions to ask’
33. What should I do before I leave the interview room?
Stand up, push your chair back a little, wish the interviewers by making statements like, “Thank you, sirs” or “Good day to you all, sirs, ” turn back and walk gracefully out of the room. If the door is closed when you are going out, you may again close the door behind you after you go ou
at 3:57 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Friday, December 28, 2007
XAT Samples papers, essays and solved paper of 2007
Here are some XAT resources,
1. XAT Mock Paper : Mock paper based on XAT 2005 pattern.
2. XAT GK : Some GK material. Please check for relevence.
3. XAT essay topics : Last 6 year's XAT essay topics.
4. XAT Mock Paper : Not exactly a Mock paper for XAT,essentialy a question bank for quant practice.
5. Princetone review MOCK XAT paper : Mock paper based on XAT 2005 pattern.
6. Actual XAT 2007 paper : Exactly. solved.
7. Selected essays : Some selected essays to give you insights into effective essay writing.
1999- "Television really is another eye so you can feel and care about things you never felt and cared about before, another ear to hear strange music… The first and only international language."
2000- Ships are safer in the harbour. But they are not meant for the same.
2001- Economic Growth without distributive justice can only lead to violence.
2002- Indian Economy in the Post WTO Era.
2003- To give real service, one needs to add something that cannot be bought or measured, like sincerity and integrity.
2004- Asked at the age of 83, as to which of his project would he choose as his master piece, Frank Lloyd Wright, the architect, answered, "The next one".
2005- More than one billion Indians. A gigantic problem or a sea of opportunities?
at 11:22 PM 3 comments Links to this post
Thursday, December 27, 2007
GE Energy Requires IT professionals
Company: GE Energy
Location: Hyderabad / Secunderabad
No. of Vacancies: Unspecified
Experience Required: Exp(1+)
Field: IT
Salary: As per company norm
Date of Issue: 12/27/2007
Closing Date: Till Vacancy Not Filled
Description
Discuss It! Discuss It
Ask Queries Queries?
"GE Energy" recruits Software Engineer
Experience: 1 - 3 Years
Location: Hyderabad / Secunderabad
Education:
UG - B.Tech/B.E. - Any Specialization
PG - M.Tech - Any Specialization;MCA - Computers
Industry Type: IT-Software/ Software Services
Functional Area: Application Programming, Maintenance
Job Description
2-4 years experience developing software for medium and large application development projects. Full life cycle experience required.
Understanding of software design and development including programming languages (C#, .NET), Object oriented analysis and design.
Knowledge of Delphi would be an added advantage
Must be experienced in the domain of the application, and in software development
Must be focused on the delivery of customer value, in the form of executing software that meets the customer's needs.
Possess excellent analytical, problem solving, organizational, interpersonal, and motivational skills, with the ability to move cleanly from theoretical to implementation thinking.
Should possess very good communication skills.
Desired Candidate Profile
Goal:
To ensure that understanding of High Level and Detailed Design, high quality coding in object oriented languages.
Responsibilities:
Understanding high level and detailed designs
Conversion of designs into executable code adhering to coding standards and guidelines
Unit test development activities
Technical assessment of the impact of any changes to designs and architecture
Providing technical competence to the project team
Contributes to the continued improvement of the teams and organisation's development procedures.
Consistently meeting deadlines adhering to Quality Standards and procedures
Typical Tasks:
Understanding of project documentation
Mentoring the juniors in the team
Code development, unit Testing, integration with other modules
Active participation in team activities
Company Profile
GE, with dollar 150 bn in revenues and present in over a hundred countries has a 125 year heritage of consistently delivering focused innovation.We GE Energy is one of the worlds leading suppliers of power generation and energy delivery technologies,providing comprehensive solutions for coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear energy, renewable resources such as wind, hydro, solar and biogas, and other alternative fuels. As a part of GE Infrastructure,which also includes the Water, Rail, Aviation and Oiland Gas businesses,we have the worldwide resources and experience to help customers meet their needs for cleaner, more reliable and efficient energy.
Hyderabad Technology Center ,HTC is the engineering andtechnology hub for GE Energy and is located in HITEC City, Hyderabad. The Energy team at HTC is engaged in conceptual, preliminary & detailed designs of high end Power Generation, Controls, Transmission & Distribution systems using advanced tools & technologies. We also provide engineering support for existing products & systems. We are looking for people to be a part of the global team that drives technology advancements in Energy Systems and support our growth plans.
Contact Details
Company Name: GE Energy
http://www.geenergy.com
Address:
Unit No.#02-01,second Floor,
Block I,Cyber Pearl,Hitech City
Madhapur
Hyderabad - Andhra Prades 500081
at 9:48 PM 0 comments Links to this post
GMAT Preparation, Study materials for free download
GMAT Sentence Completion
GMAT Diagnostic Tests
Crack GMAT Test
Crack Verbal Test - 1
Crack Verbal Test - 2
Crack Verbal Test - 3
Crack Verbal Test - 4
Crack Verbal Test - 5
Crack Math Test - 1
Crack Math Test - 2
Crack Math Test - 3
Crack Math Test - 4
Crack Math Test - 5
at 4:01 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Networking Concepts
Advance HardWare
Basic Cabling
Baic HardWare
LAN Architecture
Media Access Methods
OSI Model
Topologies
at 4:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Software Testing Study resources
Testing is a process used to help identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of computer software.In other words Testing is nothing but CRITICISM or COMPARISION.Here comparison in the sense comparing the actual value with expected one.
There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following rote procedure. One definition of testing is "the process of questioning a product in order to evaluate it", where the "questions" are things the tester tries to do with the product, and the product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of the tester. Although most of the intellectual processes of testing are nearly identical to that of review or inspection, the word testing is connoted to mean the dynamic analysis of the product—putting the product through its paces.
The quality of the application can and normally does vary widely from system to system but some of the common quality attributes include reliability, stability, portability, maintainability and usability. Refer to the ISO standard ISO 9126 for a more complete list of attributes and criteria.
General Topics
White Box Testing
Black Box Testing
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Performance Testing
Stress Testing
Security Testing
Usability Testing
Stability Testing Acceptance Testing
Installation Testing
Alpha Testing
Beta Testing
Product Testing
System Testing
Regression Testing
Compatibility Testing
Test Cases, Suits, Scripts
Defect Tracking
Formal Verification
Fuzz Testing
Manual Testing
Basics
Procedure
Sample Test Case
FAQs
Testing Tools and Softwares
Load and Performance Test Tools
Java Test Tools
Link Checkers
PERL and C Programs for Validating and Checking
Web Functional/Regression Test Tools
Web Site Security Test Tools
Web Site Management Tools
Other Web Test Tools
at 3:58 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Lexical Analysis Study Notes for GATE
# Lexical Analyser
# Regular Expressions and Strings
# Languages
# Regular Expressions
# Example: Grammer Format
# Working Example
# Automata
# Converting NFA to DFA
# Converting Regular Expression to NFA
at 3:18 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Operating System Study materials for GATE
* Lesson 1: Overview and History
* Lesson 2: Processes and Threads
* Lesson 3: Thread Creation, Manipulation and Synchronization
* Lesson 4: Deadlock
* Lesson 5: Implementing Synchronization Operations
* Lesson 6: CPU Scheduling
* Lesson 7: OS Potpourri
* Lesson 8: Introduction to Memory Management
* Lesson 9: Introduction to Paging
* Lesson 10: Issues in Paging and Virtual Memory
* Lesson 11: MIPS TLB Structure
* Lesson 12: Introduction to File Systems
* Lesson 13: File System Implementation
* Lesson 14: Monitors
* Lesson 15: Segments
* Lesson 16: Disk Scheduling
* Lesson 17: Networking
* Lesson 18: UDP and TCP
at 3:16 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Analysis and Design of algorithms - Study Materials for GATE
Chapter 1 : Review
o Concept of algorithm
o Components of algorithms
Chapter 2 : Different perspectives of algorithm
o Numerical algorithm
o Review of searching algorithm
o Review of sorting algorithm
o Recursion v/s iteration
Chapter 3 : Graph theory and related data structure
o Introduction to graph theory
o Matrix representation
o Trees
Chapter 4 : Divide and Conquer
o Divide & Conquer : Binary search
o Max- Min Search & Merge sort
o Integer Multiplication
Chapter 5 : Greedy method
o Cassette filling
o Knapsack problem
o Job scheduling
Chapter 6 : Backtracking and Branch and Bound
o Backtracking
o Branch & Bound
Chapter 7 : Graph theoretic algorithms
o Shortest path
o Minimal spanning trees
o Techniques for Graphs
at 3:13 AM 0 comments Links to this post
All About Gate
Many students may not be aware that there are several institutions in this country, offering specialized postgraduate programmes in various disciplines. Attractive scholarship / Assistantship for postgraduate courses in engineering / Technology? Architecture /Pharmacy at Engineering colleges / institutes in the country ,are available to those who qualify through GATE. Some Engineering colleges / institutes specify GATE as a mandatory qualification even for admission do students to post graduate programmes. The candidate is required to find the procedure of final selection and award of scholarship / Assistantship from the respective Institution to which the candidate seeks admission. GATE qualified candidates in Engineering subjects) will also be eligible for the award of junior research fellowship in CSIR Laboratories.
What is GATE ?
The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all -India Examination conducted by the six Indian Institutes of Technology and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, on behalf of the National Coordinating Board - GATE, Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India.From Freshersworld point of view we have tried our best to give you a clear picture of GATE.
Objective
To identify meritorious and motivated candidates for admission to Post Graduate Programmes in Engineering, Technology, Architecture and Pharmacy at the National level. To serve as benchmark for normalisation of the Undergraduate Engineering Education in the country.
Here is an opportunity for advanced engineering education in India. An M.E or M.Tech degree is a desirable qualification for our young engineers seeking a rewarding professional career. Engineering students, while in the final year of their degree course, spend considerable time in seeking an opening for studies in foreign universities.
The pattern of GATE examination has been CHANGED from 2005.
*
Main Papers
The question paper will be fully objective type for a total of 150 marks divided into three groups:
1.
Group I: Question Numbers 1 to 30 (30 questions) will carry one mark each.
2.
Group II: Question numbers 31 to 80 (50 questions) will carry two marks each.
3.
Group III: Question Numbers 81a to 85b (10 questions) will carry two marks each. Each number in this series (81,82,83,84,85) will have two sub-questions (a & b). The answer to part 'b' will be linked to the correct answer to part 'a', as described below in Section (e)(vi).
1.
Each question will have four choices for the answer. Only one choice is correct.
2.
Wrong answers carry 25% negative marks in Q1 to Q80 and Q81a, 82a, 83a, 84a and 85a. Marks for correct answers to Q81b, 82b, 83b, 84b and 85b will be given only if the answer to the corresponding part 'a' is correct. However, Q81b, 82b, 83b, 84b and 85b will not carry any negative marks.
3.
Papers bearing the code AG, CE, CH, CS, EC, EE, IN, IT, ME, MN, MT, PI, TF will contain questions on Engineering Mathematics to the extent of 20 to 25 marks.
4.
The multiple choice objective test questions can be of the following type:
1.
Each choice containing a single stand-alone statement/phrase/data.
Example:
Q. The time independent Schrodinger equation of a system represents the conservation of the
1.
total binding energy of the system
2.
total potential energy of the system
3.
total kinetic energy of the system
4.
total energy of the system
2.
Each choice containing a combination of option codes.
The question may be accompanied by four options P, Q, R, S and the choices may be a combination of these options. The candidate has to choose the right combination as the correct answer.
Example:
Q. The infra-red stretching frequency ?co of
(P) Mn(CO)6+ (Q) CO (R) H3B?CO (S) [V(CO)6]- follows the order
1.
P>R>S>Q
2.
S>P>R>Q
3.
Q>S>P>R
4.
R>Q>P>S
3.
Assertion[a]/Reason[r] type with the choices stating if [a]/[r] are True/False and/or stating if [r] is correct/incorrect reasoning of [a]
Example:
Q. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]
Assertion: For a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe the average velocity is one half of the maximum velocity.
Reason: The velocity for a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe varies linearly in the radial direction.
1.
Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for [a]
2.
Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the correct reason for [a]
3.
Both [a] and [r] are false
4.
[a] is true but [r] is false
4.
Match items: Match all items in Column 1 with correct options from those given in Column 2 and choose the correct set of combinations from the choices A, B, C and D.
Example:
Q. Match the following and choose the correct combination
Capital
State
P. Chennai
1. Andhra Pradesh
Q. Bangalore
2. West Bengal
R. Mumbai
3. Rajasthan
S. Kolkata
4. Karnataka
5. Tamil Nadu
6. Maharashtra
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
P - 1
P - 5
P - 5
P - 4
Q - 6
Q - 4
Q - 4
Q - 5
R - 4
R - 3
R - 6
R - 6
S - 5
S - 2
S - 2
S - 2
5.
Common data based questions: Multiple questions may be linked to a common problem data, passage and the like. Two or three questions can be formed from the given common problem data. Each question is independent and its solution obtainable from the above problem data/passage directly. (Answer of the previous question is not required to solve the next question). Each question under this group will carry two marks.
Example:
Common data for Q. 78,79,80: The gas phase reaction, 2P + 4Q ? 2R which is first order in P and first order in Q is to be carried out isothermally in a plug flow reactor. The entering volumetric flow rate is 2.5 dm3/min and the feed is equimolar in P and Q. The entering temperature and pressure are 727oC and 10 atm respectively. The specific reaction rate at this temperature is 4 dm3/gmol min and the activation energy is 15,000 cal/gmol.
Q.78. What is the volumetric flow rate in dm3/min when the conversion of P is 25%?
(A) 1.88 (B) 5.40 (C) 7.10 (D) 10.80
Q.79. What is the rate of reaction in gmol/(dm3 min) when the conversion of P is 40%
(A) 1.82 x 103 (B) 4.95 x 10-3 (C) 6.2 x 10-3 (D) 9.73 x 103
Q.80. What is the value of the specific reaction rate constant in dm3/gmol min at 1227oC?
(A) 17.68 (B) 22.32 (C) 49.60 (D) 59.75
6.
Linked answers question: The question will consist of a problem statement followed by two sub-questions (a) and (b) based on the problem statement. The solution to part (b) depends upon the answer to part (a). Each part (a) as well as (b) in such linked answer questions will carry two marks.
Example:
Statement for linked answer Q. 81a & 81b: A reversible Carnot engine operates between the actual heat input temperature of 1000 K and actual heat rejection temperature of 250 K. The ambient temperature is 200 K.
Q.81a The efficiency of this engine will be
A) 5% (B) 20% (C) 25% (D) 75%
Q.81b The above engine is to provide the power output of 100 kW. The heat input required will be
(A) 133.33 kW (B) 400 kW (C) 500 kW (D) 2000 kW
In the above simplistic example, the calculation of heat input in Q.81b requires the value of efficiency calculated in Q.81a as the first step.
*
Structure of the XE/XL Paper Sections
1.
XE and XL papers contain a number of sections. Each Section is of 50 marks. Each Section will be fully objective type and the questions are divided into three groups.
1.
Group I: Question Numbers 1 to 10 (10 questions) will carry one mark each.
2.
Group II: Question numbers 11 to 26 (16 questions) will carry two marks each.
3.
Group III: Question Numbers 27a to 28b (4 questions) will carry two marks each. Each number in this series (27, 28) will have two subquestions (a & b). The solution to part 'b' will be linked to the correct answer to part 'a', as described above in (e) (vi).
2.
All questions have four choices with only one being correct.
3.
Wrong answers carry 25% negative marks in Q1 to Q26 and Q27a, 28a. Marks for correct answers to Q27b, 28b, will be given only if the answer to the corresponding part 'a' is correct. However, Q27b, 28b will not carry any negative marks.
4.
The types of multiple choice questions are the same as in the Main papers as described above in (e).
Structure of GATE Examination
The GATE is held every year on the second Sunday of February, across the country in over 100 cities. At present nearly 60,000 students write GATE every year. Candidates can choose a single paper of 3 hours duration to appear in GATE from the discipline papers shown in the following Table.
Agricultural Engineering AG Mathematics MA
Architecture AR Mechanical Engineering ME
Civil Engineering CE Mining Engineering MN
Chemical Engineering CH Metallurgical Engineering MT
Computer Science & Engg. CS Physics PH
Chemistry CY Production & Industrial Engg. PI
Electronics & Comm. Engg. EC Pharmaceutical Sciences PY
Electrical Engineering EE Textile Engg.& Fibre Science TF
Geology & Geophysics GG Engineering Sciences XE
Instrumentation Engineering IN Life Sciences
Papers XE and XL are general in nature and comprise of the following sections:
Candidates appearing in XE or XL papers are required to answer
Three Sections, one compulsory as indicated below:
ENGINEERING SCIENCES(XE)
CODE
LIFE SCIENCES(XL)
CODE
Engg. Maths (Compulsory)
A
Chemistry (Compulsory)
I
Computational Science
B
Biochemistry
J
Electrical Sciences
C
Biotechnology
K
Fluid Mechanics
D
Botany
L
Materials Science
E
Microbiology
M
Solid Mechanics
F
Zoology
N
Statistics
G
Thermodynamics
H
GATE Results
The GATE result is declared every year on 31 st March and the score of the qualified candidates shows their All India Rank and Percentile Score in the discipline paper chosen by the candidates.
GATE Score Card
1.
Score card will be sent only to the qualified candidates. No information will be sent to candidates who are not qualified.
2.
The GATE score card is a valuable document. Care should be taken to preserve it. Additional Score Cards, (upto a maximum of two) will be issued on payment basis only once.
3.
The Score Card cannot be treated as a proof of category.
4.
The score card of the Qualified Candidates will include GATE Score, Percentile Score and Rank.
i. GATE Score
The GATE SCORE of a candidate is a statistical performance index in the range 0 to 1000. It reflects the ability of a candidate, irrespective of the paper or year in which he/she has qualified. Candidates with same GATE SCORE from different disciplines and/or years can be considered to be of equal ability.
where,
m = marks obtained by the candidate.
a = average of marks of all candidates who appeared in the paper mentioned on this scorecard, in the current year.
s = standard deviation of marks of all candidates who appeared in the paper mentioned on this scorecard, in the current year.
K1 and K2 are determined respectively from the mean and standard deviation of marks of all candidates across all papers and years since GATE 2002.
A typical qualitative interpretation of the GATE SCORE, for example, can be as follows:
1.
*
GATE Score Range Ability Level
800 to 1000 Outstanding
675 to 800 Excellent
550 to 675 Very good
425 to 550 Good
300 to 425 Above average
100 to 300 Average
Below 100 Below average
2.
Percentile Score
The percentile score is not the same as percentage of marks. The percentile score of a candidate shows what percentage of candidates, who appeared in the same paper in GATE 2005, scored less marks than him/her. It is calculated as follows: Let N be the total number of candidates appearing in that paper and nc be the number of candidates who have the same all India rank c in the same paper (there can be bunching at a given all India rank). Then all the candidates, whose all India rank is r, will have the same percentile score P, where
The percentile score in each paper is calculated as follows: Let N be the total number of candidates appearing in that paper, and nc be the number of candidates who have the same all India rank c in the same paper (there can be bunching at a given all India rank), then all the candidates, whose all India rank is r, will have the same percentile score P, where
P = {(no. of candidates securing marks less than the candidate concerned)/N}x100
*
The evaluation of the ORS is carried out by a computerized process using scanning machines, with utmost care. Requests for revaluation of the answer script and re-totaling of marks will not be entertained.
*
The GATE result and particulars of the qualified candidates will be made available to interested organizations (educational institutions, R and D laboratories, industries etc.) in India and abroad based on written request by the organization and on payment. Details can be obtained from GATE Chairmen of IITs / IISc.
The following categories of candidates are eligible to appear in GATE:
1.
Bachelor's degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture/Pharmacy and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmes.
2.
Master's degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmes.
3.
Candidates in the second or higher year of the Four-year Integrated Master's degree programme (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering/Technology or in the third or higher year of Five-year Integrated Master's degree programme and Dual Degree programme in Engineering/ Technology.
4.
Candidates with qualifications obtained through examination conducted by professional societies recognised by UPSC/AICTE as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed Section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.
For More Details Visit http://www.iitk.ac.in/gate
The GATE result is declared every year on 31 st March and the score of the qualified candidates shows their All India Rank and Percentile Score in the discipline paper chosen by the candidates.
# VISIT http://gate.iitm.ac.in/2006results/
GATE Comparative Evaluation
GATE, like CAT and unlike GRE, GMAT or Board examinations, is a zero sum game. You need to beat someone else to rise up the ranks. You should always remember the fact that you are adjudged relatively, not absolutely. Hence, your rank obviously depends on how you performed relative to your competitors. It does not really matter whether you got 89 marks out of 150, or 148 marks out of 150. What matters the most is how many people you have beaten and how many people have beaten you.
The following list gives us an indication of the degree of competition that was there in GATE 2004.
As we can see, only 137 applicants out of every 1000 applicants in computer science stream were qualified, and only 4 out of 1000 applicants were admitted in premier institutions like IITs and IISc.
Paper Code
Paper Title
Overall
Regd App QTot App% Qual%
AG Agricultural Engineering 672 649 158 96.58 24.35
AR Architecture & Planning 1387 1311 305 94.52 23.26
CE Civil Engineering 10165 9340 2370 91.88 25.37
CH Chemical Engineering 6874 6447 1542 93.79 23.92
CS Computer Science & Engg 40708 37797 5181 92.85 13.71
CY Chemistry 3174 2936 791 92.5 26.94
EC Electronics & Comm. Engg 34082 31567 4732 92.62 14.99
EE Electrical Engineering 19858 18548 3442 93.4 18.56
GG Geology & Geophysics 400 374 87 93.5 23.26
IN Instrumentation Engineering 5067 4765 663 94.04 13.91
MA Mathematics 1497 1342 293 89.65 21.83
ME Mechanical Engineering 28056 26241 4625 93.53 17.63
MN Mining Engineering 337 318 95 94.36 29.87
MT Metallurgical Engineering 1300 1185 339 91.15 28.67
PH Physics 2548 2358 598 92.54 25.36
PI Production & Ind.Engg 2682 2489 454 92.8 18.24
PY Pharmaceutical Sciences 6847 6475 1765 94.57 27.26
TF Textile Engg & Fibre Science 586 554 137 94.54 24.73
XE Engineering Sciences 1208 1087 267 89.98 24.56
XL Life Sciences 3849 3571 1033 92.78 28.93
Total 171297 159354 28877 93.03 18.12
Regd : Number of candidates registered
App : Number of candidates finally appeared in the GATE.
App% : Percentage of applicants actually taking up the exam.
Qual% : Percentage of people who qualified among the candidates who appeared
1.Material Collection
* Syllabus
* All the relevant books based on the subject(Divide the books in two groups - (1) Fundamental and basic concepts (2) Problem oriented
* Some books helpful for pre-requisite knowledge on the subject
* Some good guide books for GATE
* Previous questions papers
2.Keep contact with some expert and GATE experienced persons
3.Study - Syllabus and Previous questions papers
4.Start from the first chapter
* read at least 5 books, it will widen your knowledge(if necessary consult with the books for pre-requisite knowledge or with some expert)
* Note down the probable concepts(definitions, unit, dimension etc.)
* Note down necessary theories, formula etc
* Solve problems as maximum as possible(from text books, Guide books etc)
* Think about various tricks in solving problems(if necessary, note it)
* Go for series of self tests based on this chapter(take other's help to conduct tests)
* Continue the self tests until getting a very good score
5.Solve more and more problems, discover more and more new tricks…
6.Follow the same procedure for the rest chapters
7.Finally, go for self tests based on whole syllabus(take other's help to conduct these tests)
Syllabus
AG - AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS:
Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.
Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Diferential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy's and Euler's equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs - Laplace, heat and wave equations.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson's rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER:
Sources of power on the farm-human, animal, mechanical, electrical, wind, solar and biomass; design and selection of machine elements - gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets and belts; overload safety devices used in farm machinery; measurement of force, torque, speed, displacement and acceleration on machine elements.
Soil tillage; forces acting on a tillage tool; hitch systems and hitching of tillage implements; functional requirements, principles of working, construction and operation of manual, animal and power operated equipment for tillage. sowing, planting, fertilizer application, inter-cultivation, spraying, mowing, chaff cutting, harvesting, threshing and transport; testing of agricultural machinery and equipment; calculation of performance parameters -field capacity, efficiency, application rate and losses; cost analysis of implements and tractors.
Thermodynamic principles of I.C. engines; I.C. engine cycles; engine components; fuels and combustion; lubricants and their properties; I.C. engine systems - fuel, cooling, lubrication, ignition, electrical, intake and exhaust; selection, operation, maintenance and repair of I.C. engines; power efficiencies and measurement; calculation of power, torque, fuel consumption, heat load and power losses.
Tractors and power tillers - type, selection, maintenance and repair; tractor clutches and brakes; power transmission systems - gear trains, differential, final drives and power take-off; mechanics of tractor chassis; traction theory; three point hitches- free link and restrained link operations; mechanical steering and hydraulic control systems used in tractors; human engineering and safety in tractor design; tractor tests and performance.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING:
Ideal and real fluids, properties of fluids; hydrostatic pressure and its measurement; hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surface; continuity equation; Bernoulli's theorem; laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations, Moody's diagram; flow through orifices and notches; flow in open channels.
Engineering properties of soils, fundamental definitions and relationships; index properties of soils; permeability and seepage analysis; shear strength, Mohr's circle of stresses; active and passive earth pressures; stability of slopes.
Hydrological cycle; precipitation measurement, analysis of precipitation data; abstraction from precipitation; runoff; hydrograph analysis, unit hydrograph theory and application; stream flow measurement; flood routing, hydrological reservoir and channel routing.
Mechanics of soil erosion, factors affecting erosion; soil loss estimation; biological and engineering measures to control erosion, terraces and bunds; vegetative waterways; gully control structures, drop, drop inlet and chute spillways; farm ponds; earthen dams; principles of watershed management.
Water requirement of crops; consumptive use and evapo-transpiration; irrigation scheduling; irrigation efficiencies; design of prismatic and silt loaded channels; methods of irrigation water application; design and evaluation of irrigation methods; drainage coefficient; surface and subsurface drainage systems; leaching requirement and salinity control; irrigation and drainage water quality; classification of pumps; pump characteristics; pump selection; types of aquifer; evaluation of aquifer properties; well hydraulics; ground water recharge.
AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING:
Steady state heat transfer in conduction, convection and radiation; transient heat transfer in simple geometry; condensation and boiling heat transfer; working principles of heat exchangers; diffusive and convective mass transfer; simultaneous heat and mass transfer in agricultural processing operations.
Material and energy balances in food processing systems; water activity, sorption and desorption isotherms; centrifugal separation of solids, liquids and gases; kinetics of microbial death - pasteurisation and sterilization of liquid foods; preservation of food by cooling and freezing; psychrometry - properties of air-vapour mixture; concentration and dehydration of liquid foods - evaporators, tray, drum and spray dryers.
Mechanics and energy requirement in size reduction of granular solids; particle size analysis for comminuted solids; size separation by screening; fluidisation of granular solids; cleaning and grading efficiency and effectiveness of grain cleaners; conditioning and hydrothermal treatments for grains; dehydration of food grains; processes and machines for processing of cereals, pulses and oilseeds; design considerations for grain silos.
AR - ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
City planning: Historical development of cities; principles of city planning; new towns; survey methods, site planning, planning regulations and building bye-laws.
Housing: Concept of shelter; housing policies and design; community planning; role of government agencies; finance and management.
Landscape Design: Principles of landscape design and site planning; history and landscape styles; landscape elements and materials; planting design.
Computer Aided Design: Application of computers in architecture and planning; understanding elements of hardware and software; computer graphics; programming languages - C and Visual Basic and usage of packages such as AutoCAD.
Environmental and Building Science: Elements of environmental science; ecological principles concerning environment; role of micro-climate in design; climatic control through design elements; thermal comfort; elements of solar architecture; principles of lighting and illumination; basic principles of architectural acoustics; air pollution, noise pollution and their control.
Visual and Urban Design: Principles of visual composition; proportion, scale, rhythm, symmetry, harmony, balance, form and colour; sense of place and space, division of space; focal point, vista, imageability, visual survey.
History of Architecture: Indian - Indus valley, Vedic, Buddhist, Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Mughal periods; European - Egyptian, Greek, Roman, medieval and renaissance periods.
Development of Contemporary Architecture: Architectural developments and impacts on society since industrial revolution; influence of modern art on architecture; works of national and international architects; post modernism in architecture.
Building Services: Water supply, Sewerage and Drainage systems; Sanitary fittings and fixtures; principles of electrification of buildings; elevators, their standards and uses; air-conditioning systems; fire fighting systems.
Building Construction and Management: Building construction techniques, methods and details; building systems and prefabrication of building elements; principles of modular coordination; estimation, specification, valuation, professional practice; project management, PERT, CPM.
Materials and Structural Systems: Behavioural characteristics of all types of building materials e.g. mud, timber, bamboo, brick, concrete, steel, glass, FRP; principles of strength of materials; design of structural elements in wood, steel and RCC; elastic and limit state design; complex structural systems; principles of pre-stressing.
Planning Theory: Planning process; multilevel planning; comprehensive planning; central place theory; settlement pattern; land use and land utilization.
Techniques of Planning: Planning surveys; Preparation of urban and regional structure plans, development plans, action plans; site planning principles and design; statistical methods; application of remote sensing techniques in urban and regional planning.
Traffic and Transportation Planning: Principles of traffic engineering and transportation planning; methods of conducting surveys; design of roads, intersections and parking areas; hierarchy of roads and levels of services; traffic and transport management in urban areas; traffic safety and traffic laws; public transportation planning; modes of transportation.
Services and Amenities: Principles and design of water supply systems, sewerage systems, solid waste disposal systems, power supply and communication systems; Health, education, recreation and demography related standards at various levels of the settlements.
Development Administration and Management: Planning laws; development control and zoning regulations; laws relating to land acquisition; development enforcements, land ceiling; regional and urban plan preparations; planning and municipal administration; taxation, revenue resources and fiscal management; public participation and role of NGO.
CE - CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Mechanics: Bending moments and shear forces in statically determinate beams; simple stress and strain: relationship; stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle; simple bending theory; flexural shear stress; thin-walled pressure vessels; uniform torsion.
Structural Analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches and frames; displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/energy methods; analysis by displacement methods (slope-deflection and moment-distribution methods); influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures; basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis.
Concrete Structures: Basic working stress and limit states design concepts; analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subject to flexure, shear, compression and torsion (beams, columns and isolated footings); basic elements of prestressed concrete: analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads.
Steel Structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam-columns, column bases; connections - simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses; plastic analysis of beams and frames.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils; soil classification; three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and inter-relationships; permeability and seepage; effective stress principle: consolidation, compaction; shear strength.
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigation - scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetrometer tests, plate load test; earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils; stability of slopes - infinite slopes, finite slopes; foundation types - foundation design requirements; shallow foundations; bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands and clays; deep foundations - pile types, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Hydrostatics, applications of Bernoulli equation, laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, pipe networks; concept of boundary layer and its growth; uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump; forces on immersed bodies; flow measurement in channels; tanks and pipes; dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Applications of momentum equation, potential flow, kinematics of flow; velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle; rainfall; evaporation infiltration, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir design, reservoir and channel routing, well hydraulics.
Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration; crop water requirements; design of lined and unlined canals; waterways; head works, gravity dams and Ogee spillways. Designs of weirs on permeable foundation, irrigation methods.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water requirements; quality and standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment: quantity and characteristic of waste water sewerage; primary and secondary treatment of waste water; sludge disposal; effluent discharge standards.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Highway planning; geometric design of highways; testing and specifications of paving materials; design of flexible and rigid pavements.
CH - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Process Calculations and Thermodynamics: Laws of conservation of mass and energy; use of tie components; recycle, bypass and purge calculations; degree of freedom analysis.
First and Second laws of thermodynamics and their applications; equations of state and thermodynamic properties of real systems; phase equilibria; fugacity, excess properties and correlations of activity coefficients; chemical reaction equilibria.
Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations: Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation, Macroscopic friction factors, energy balance, dimensional analysis, shell balances, flow through pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized beds, elementary boundary layer theory, size reduction and size separation; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids.
Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection and radiation, heat transfer coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators and their design.
Mass Transfer: Fick's law, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stagewise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption.
Chemical Reaction Engineering: Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time; non-isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis.
Instrumentation and Process Control: Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, dynamics of simple systems, dynamics such as CSTRs, transfer functions and responses of simple systems, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed loop systems including stability, frequency response (including Bode plots) and controller tuning, cascade, feed forward control.
Plant Design and Economics: Design and sizing of chemical engineering equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, multistage contactors; principles of process economics and cost estimation including total annualized cost, cost indexes, rate of return, payback period, discounted cash flow, optimization in Design.
Chemical Technology: Inorganic chemical industries; sulfuric acid, NaOH, fertilizers (Ammonia, Urea, SSP and TSP); natural products industries (Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Oil, and Fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals; polymerization industries; polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polyester synthetic fibers.
CS - COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.
Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.
Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra.
Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics.
Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism.
Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules.
Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima.
THEORY OF COMPUTATION
Formal Languages and Automata Theory: Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Un-decidability;
Analysis of Algorithms and Computational Complexity: Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average case) of time and space, Upper and lower bounds on the complexity of specific problems, NP-completeness.
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of Combinational and Sequential circuits; Number representation and Computer Arithmetic (fixed and floating point);
Computer Organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and Data-path, hardwired and micro-programmed control, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Serial communication interface, Instruction pipelining, Cache, main and secondary storage.
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Data structures: Notion of abstract data types, Stack, Queue, List, Set, String, Tree, Binary search tree, Heap, Graph;
Programming Methodology: C programming, Program control (iteration, recursion, Functions), Scope, Binding, Parameter passing, Elementary concepts of Object oriented, Functional and Logic Programming;
Algorithms for problem solving: Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching; Design techniques (Greedy, Dynamic Programming, Divide-and-conquer);
Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime environment, Code generation, Linking (static and dynamic); Operating Systems: Classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), Processes, threads and Inter-process communication, CPU scheduling, Memory management, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security.
Databases: Relational model (ER-model, relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control;
Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, sliding window protocol, LAN Technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), TCP/UDP, IP, Basic concepts of switches, gateways, and routers.
CH - CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Structure: Quantum theory - principles and techniques; applications to particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor and hydrogen atom; valence bond and molecular orbital theories and Huckel approximation, approximate techniques: variation and perturbation; symmetry, point groups; rotational, vibrational, electronic, NMR and ESR spectroscopy.
Equilibrium: First law of thermodynamics, heat, energy and work; second law of thermodynamics and entropy; third law and absolute entropy; free energy; partial molar quantities; ideal and non-ideal solutions; phase transformation: phase rule and phase diagrams- one, two, and three component systems; activity, activity coefficient, fugacity and fugacity coefficient ; chemical equilibrium, response of chemical equilibrium to temperature and pressure; colligative properties; kinetic theory of gases; thermodynamics of electrochemical cells; standard electrode potentials: applications - corrosion and energy conversion; molecular partition function (translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic).
Kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions, theories of reaction rates, collision and transition state theory; temperature dependence of chemical reactions; elementary reactions, consecutive elementary reactions; steady state approximation, kinetics of photochemical reactions and free radical polymerization, homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Non-Transition Elements: General characteristics, structure and reactions of simple and industrially important compounds, boranes, carboranes, silicates, silicones, diamond and graphite; hydrides, oxides and oxoacids of N, P, S and halogens; boron nitride, borazines and phosphazenes; xenon compounds. Shapes of molecules, hard-soft acid base concept.
Transition Elements: General characteristics of d and f block elements; coordination chemistry: structure and isomerism, stability, theories of metal-ligand bonding (CFT and LFT), electronic spectra and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes and lanthanides; metal carbonyls, metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters, metallocenes; transition metal complexes with bonds to hydrogen, alkyls, alkenes, and arenes; metal carbenes; use of organometallic compounds as catalysts in organic synthesis; mechanisms of substitution and electron transfer reactions of coordination complexes. Role of metals with special reference to Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, and Mo in biological systems.
Solids: Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects; Bragg's Law; ionic crystals, band theory, metals and semiconductors. Spinels.
Instrumental methods of analysis: atomic absorption, UV-visible spectrometry, chromatographic and electro-analytical methods.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Synthesis, reactions and mechanisms involving the following: Alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives; halides, nitro compounds and amines; stereochemical and conformational effects on reactivity and specificity; reactions with diborane and peracids. Michael reaction, Robinson annulation, reactivity umpolung, acyl anion equivalents; molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient atoms.
Photochemistry: Basic principles, photochemistry of olefins, carbonyl compounds, arenes, photo oxidation and reduction.
Pericyclic reactions: Cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic reactions; Woodward-Hoffmann rules.
Heterocycles: Structural properties and reactions of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole.
Biomolecules: Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and di-saccharides, physico-chemical properties of amino acids, structural features of proteins and nucleic acids.
Spectroscopy: Principles and applications of IR, UV-visible, NMR and mass spectrometry in the determination of structures of organic compounds.
EC - ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent' series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits: Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJTs, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Power supplies.
Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; casuality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
Controls Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications: Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM); digital modulation schemes-amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwith consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes.
Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Antennas: Dipole antennas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem, antenna gain.
EE - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent' series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electrical Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node/ cut set, mesh/ tie set analysis, transient response of d.c. and a.c. networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis; resonance in electrical circuits; concepts of ideal voltage and current sources, network theorems, driving point, immittance and transfer functions of two port networks, elementary concepts of filters; three phase circuits; Fourier series and its application; Gauss theorem, electric field intensity and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distribution, dielectrics, capacitance calculations for simple configurations; Ampere's and Biot-Savart's law, inductance calculations for simple configurations.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer - equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation; auto transformer and three-winding transformer; principles of energy conversion, windings of rotating machines: D. C. generators and motors - characteristics, starting and speed control, armature reaction and commutation; three phase induction motors-performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single-phase induction motors; synchronous generators-performance, regulation, parallel operation; synchronous motors - starting, characteristics, applications, synchronous condensers; fractional horse power motors; permanent magnet and stepper motors.
Power Systems: Electric power generation - thermal, hydro, nuclear; transmission line parameters; steady-state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables and surge propagation; distribution systems, insulators, bundle conductors, corona and radio interference effects; per-unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults; principles of over current, differential and distance protections; concept of solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; concept of system stability-swing curves and equal area criterion; basic concepts of HVDC transmission.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams: steady-state errors; stability-Routh and Nyquist criteria; Bode plots; compensation; root loci; elementary state variable formulation; state transition matrix and response for Linear Time Invariant systems.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers, PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meter, oscilloscopes, potentiometric recorders, error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET, SCR; amplifiers-biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers, operational amplifiers- characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers; combinational and sequential logic circuits, multiplexer, Schmitt trigger, multivibrators, sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters; microprocessors and their applications.
Power Electronics and Electric Drives: Semiconductor power devices-diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs - static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters-fully controlled and half controlled; principles of choppers and inverters, basic concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
GG - GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
PART - I
Earth and planetary system; size, shape, internal structure and composition of the earth; atmosphere and greenhouse effect; isostasy; elements of seismology; continents and continental processes; physical oceanography; palaeomagnetism, continental drift plate tectonics, geothermal energy.
Weathering; soil formation; action of river, wind and glacier; oceans and oceanic features; earthquakes, volcanoes, orogeny and mountain building; elements of structural geology; crystallography; classification, composition and properties of minerals and rocks; engineering properties of rocks and soils, role of geology in the construction of engineering structures.
Processes of ore formation, occurrence and distribution of ores on land and on ocean floor; coal and petroleum resources in India; ground water geology including well hydraulics, geological time scale and geochronology; stratigraphic principles and stratigraphy of India; basics concepts of gravity, magnetic and electrical prospecting for ores and ground water.
PART - IIA: GEOLOGY
Crystal symmetry, forms, twinning; crystal chemistry; optical mineralogy, classification of minerals, diagnostic properties of rock minerals.
Mineralogy, structure, texture and classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock, their origin and evolution; application of thermodynamics; structure and petrology of sedimentary rocks; sedimentary processes and environments, sedimentary facies, basin studies; basement cover relationship;
Primary and secondary structures; geometry and genesis of folds, faults, joints, unconformities, cleavage, schistosity and lineation; methods of projection. Tectonites and their significance; shear zone; superposed folding.
Morphology, classification and geological significance of important invertebrates, vertebrates, microfossils and palaeoflora; stratigraphic principles and Indian stratigraphy; geomorphic processes and agents; development and evolution of landforms; slope and drainage; processes on deep oceanic and near-shore regions; quantitative and applied geomorphology; air photo interpretation and remote sensing; chemical and optical properties of ore minerals; formation and localization of ore deposits; prospecting and exploration of economic minerals; coal and petroleum geology; origin and distribution of mineral and fuel deposits in India; ore dressing and mineral economics.
Cosmic abundance; meteorites; geochemical evolution of the earth; geochemical cycles; distribution of major, minor and trace elements; isotope geochemistry; geochemistry of waters including solution equilibria and water rock interaction.
Engineering properties of rocks and soils; rocks as construction material; geology of dams, tunnels and excavation sites; natural hazards; the fly ash problem; ground water geology and exploration; water quality; impact of human activity; Remote sensing techniques for the interpretation of landforms and resource management.
PART - II B: GEOPHYSICS
The earth as a planet; different motions of the earth; gravity filed of the earth and its shape; geochronology; isostasy, seismology and interior of the earth; variation of density, velocity, pressure, temperature, electrical and magnetic properties inside the earth; earthquakes-causes and measurements; zonation and seismic hazards; geomagnetic field, palaeomagnetism; oceanic and continental lithosphere; plate tectonics; heat flow; upper and lower atmospheric phenomena.
Theories of scalar and vector potential fields; Laplace, Maxwell and Helmholtz equations for solution of different types of boundary value problems for Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates; Green's theorem; Image theory; integral equations and conformal transformations in potential theory; Eikonal equation and ray theory.
'G' and 'g' units of measurement, density of rocks, gravimeters, preparation, analysis and interpretation of gravity maps; derivative maps, analytical continuation; gravity anomaly type curves; calculation of mass.
Earth's magnetic field, units of measurement, magnetic susceptibility of rocks, magnetometers, corrections, preparation of magnetic maps, magnetic anomaly type curve, analytical continuation, interpretation and application; magnetic well logging.
Conduction of electricity through rocks, electrical conductivities of metals, metallic, non-metallic and rock forming minerals, D.C. resistivity units and methods of measurement, electrode configuration for sounding and profiling, application of filter theory, interpretation of resistivity field data, application; self potential origin, classification, field measurement, interpretation of induced polarization time frequency, phase domain; IP units and methods of measurement, interpretation and application; ground-water exploration.
Origin of electromagnetic field elliptic polarization, methods of measurement for different source-receiver configuration components in EM measurements, interpretation and applications; earth's natural electromagnetic field, tellurics, magneto-tellurics; geomagnetic depth sounding principles, methods of measurement, processing of data and interpretation.
Seismic methods of prospecting: Reflection, refraction and CDP surveys; land and marine seismic sources, generation and propagation of elastic waves, velocity increasing with depth, geophones, hydrophones, recording instruments (DFS), digital formats, field layouts, seismic noises and noise profile analysis, optimum geophone grouping, noise cancellation by shot and geophone arrays, 2D and 3D seismic data acquisition and processing, CDP stacking charts, binning, filtering, dip-moveout, static and dynamic corrections, deconvolution, migration, signal processing, Fourier and Hilbert transforms, attribute analysis, bright and dim spots, seismic stratigraphy, high resolution seismics, VSP.
Principles and techniques of geophysical well-logging, SP, resistivity, induction, micro gamma ray, neutron, density, sonic, temperature, dip meter, caliper, nuclear magnetic, cement bond logging. Quantitative evaluation of formations from well logs; well hydraulics and application of geophysical methods for groundwater study; application of bore hole geophysics in ground water, mineral and oil exploration. Remote sensing techniques and application of remote sensing methods in geophysics.
IN - INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent' series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
Measurement Basics and Metrology: Static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems. Standards and calibration. Error and uncertainty analysis, statistical analysis of data, and curve fitting. Linear and angular measurements; Measurement of straightness, flatness, roundness and roughness.
Transducers, Mechanical Measurements and Industrial Instrumentation: Transducers - elastic, resistive, inductive, capacitive, thermo-electric, piezoelectric, photoelectric, electro-mechanical, electro-chemical, and ultrasonic. Measurement of displacement, velocity (linear and rotational), acceleration, shock, vibration, force, torque, power, strain, stress, pressure, flow, temperature, humidity, viscosity, and density. energy storing elements, suspension systems and dampers.
Analog Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJTs, JFETs and MOSFETs; Diode circuits; Amplifiers: single and multi-stage, feedback; Frequency response; Operational amplifiers - design, characteristic, linear and non-linear applications: difference amplifiers; instrumentation amplifiers; precision rectifiers, I-to-V converters, active filters, oscillators, comparators, signal generators, wave shaping circuits.
Digital Electronics: Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions; IC families (TTL, MOS, CMOS), arithmetic circuits, multiplexer and decoders. Sequential circuits: flip-flops, counters, shift registers. Schmitt trigger, timers, and multivibrators. Analog switches, multiplexers, S/H circuits. Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Basics of computer organization and architecture. 8-bit microprocessor (8085), applications, memory, I/O interfacing, and microcontrollers.
Signals and Systems: Vectors and matrices; Fourier series; Fourier transforms; Ordinary differential equations. Impulse and frequency responses of first and second order systems. Laplace transform and transfer function, convolution and correlation. Amplitude and frequency modulations and demodulations. Discrete time systems, difference equations, impulse and frequency responses; Z-transforms and transfer functions; IIR and FIR filters.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Measurement of R, L and C; bridges and potentiometers. Measurement of voltage, current, power, power factor, and energy; Instrument transformers; Q meter, waveform analyzers. Digital volt-meters and multi-meters. Time, phase and frequency measurements; Oscilloscope. Noise and interference in instrumentation.
Control Systems & Process Control: Principles of feedback; transfer function, signal flow graphs. Stability criteria, Bode plots, root-loci, Routh and Nyquist criteria. Compensation techniques; State space analysis. System components: mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic; Servos and synchros; Stepper motors. On-off, cascade, P, PI, PID and feed-forward controls. Controller tuning and general frequency response.
Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation: Principles of spectrometry, UV, visible, IR mass spectrometry, X-ray methods; nuclear radiation measurements, gas, solid and semi conductor lasers and their characteristics, interferometers, basics of fibre optics, transducers in biomedical applications, cardiovascular system measurements, instrumentation for clinical laboratory.
MA - MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Finite dimensional vector spaces. Linear transformations and their matrix representations, rank; systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, minimal polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, diagonalisation, Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian and unitary matrices. Finite dimensional inner product spaces, self-adjoint and Normal linear operators, spectral theorem, Quadratic forms.
Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, conformal mappings, bilinear transformations, complex integration: Cauchy's integral theorem and formula, Liouville's theorem, maximum modulus principle, Taylor and Laurent's series, residue theorem and applications for evaluating real integrals.
Real Analysis: Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence, power series, Fourier series, functions of several variables, maxima, minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and volume integrals, theorems of Green, Stokes and Gauss; metric spaces, completeness, Weierstrass approximation theorem, compactness. Lebesgue measure, measurable functions; Lebesgue integral, Fatou's lemma, dominated convergence theorem.
Ordinary Differential Equations: First order ordinary differential equations, existence and uniqueness theorems, systems of linear first order ordinary differential equations, linear ordinary differential equations of higher order with constant coefficients; linear second order ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients, method of Laplace transforms for solving ordinary differential equations, series solutions; Legendre and Bessel functions and their orthogonality, Sturm Liouville system, Greeen's functions.
Algebra: Normal subgroups and homomorphisms theorems, automorphisms. Group actions, sylow's theorems and their applications groups of order less than or equal to 20, Finite p-groups. Euclidean domains, Principal ideal domains and unique factorizations domains. Prime ideals and maximal ideals in commutative rings.
Functional Analysis: Banach spaces, Hahn-Banach theorems, open mapping and closed graph theorems, principle of uniform boundedness; Hilbert spaces, orthonormal sets, Riesz representation theorem, self-adjoint, unitary and normal linear operators on Hilbert Spaces.
Numerical Analysis: Numerical solution of algebraic and transcendental equations; bisection, secant method, Newton-Raphson method, fixed point iteration, interpolation: existence and error of polynomial interpolation, Lagrange, Newton, Hermite(osculatory)interpolations; numerical differentiation and integration, Trapezoidal and Simpson rules; Gaussian quadrature; (Gauss-Legendre and Gauss-Chebyshev), method of undetermined parameters, least square and orthonormal polynomial approximation; numerical solution of systems of linear equations: direct and iterative methods, (Jacobi Gauss-Seidel and SOR) with convergence; matrix eigenvalue problems: Jacobi and Given's methods, numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: initial value problems, Taylor series method, Runge-Kutta methods, predictor-corrector methods; convergence and stability.
Partial Differential Equations: Linear and quasilinear first order partial differential equations, method of characteristics; second order linear equations in two variables and their classification; Cauchy, Dirichlet and Neumann problems, Green's functions; solutions of Laplace, wave and diffusion equations in two variables Fourier series and transform methods of solutions of the above equations and applications to physical problems.
Mechanics: Forces in three dimensions, Poinsot central axis, virtual work, Lagrange's equations for holonomic systems, theory of small oscillations, Hamiltonian equations;
Topology: Basic concepts of topology, product topology, connectedness, compactness, countability and separation axioms, Urysohn's Lemma, Tietze extension theorem, metrization theorems, Tychonoff theorem on compactness of product spaces.
Probability and Statistics: Probability space, conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, independence, Random variables, joint and conditional distributions, standard probability distributions and their properties, expectation, conditional expectation, moments. Weak and strong law of large numbers, central limit theorem. Sampling distributions, UMVU estimators, sufficiency and consistency, maximum likelihood estimators. Testing of hypotheses, Neyman-Pearson tests, monotone likelihood ratio, likelihood ratio tests, standard parametric tests based on normal, X2 ,t, F-distributions. Linear regression and test for linearity of regression. Interval estimation.
Linear Programming: Linear programming problem and its formulation, convex sets their properties, graphical method, basic feasible solution, simplex method, big-M and two phase methods, infeasible and unbounded LPP's, alternate optima. Dual problem and duality theorems, dual simplex method and its application in post optimality analysis, interpretation of dual variables. Balanced and unbalanced transportation problems, unimodular property and u-v method for solving transportation problems. Hungarian method for solving assignment problems.
Calculus of Variations and Integral Equations: Variational problems with fixed boundaries; sufficient conditions for extremum, Linear integral equations of Fredholm and Volterra type, their iterative solutions. Fredholm alternative.
ME - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN
Engineering Mechanics: Equivalent force systems, free-body concepts, equations of equilibrium, trusses and frames, virtual work and minimum potential energy. Kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, impulse and momentum (linear and angular), energy methods, central force motion.
Strength of Materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain, shear force and bending moment diagrams, bending and shear stresses, deflection of beams, torsion of circular shafts, thin and thick cylinders, Euler's theory of columns, strain energy methods, thermal stresses.
Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration, analysis of plane mechanisms, dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism, planar cams and followers, gear tooth profiles, kinematics of gears, governors and flywheels, balancing of reciprocating and rotating masses.
Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree freedom systems, effect of damping, vibration isolation, resonance, critical speed of rotors.
Design of Machine Elements: Design for static and dynamic loading, failure theories, fatigue strength; design of bolted, riveted and welded joints; design of shafts and keys; design of spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings; brakes and clutches; belt, rope and chain drives.
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties, fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.
Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods.
Thermodynamics: Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and processes; irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion; Carnot, Rankine, Otto, Diesel, Brayton and vapour compression cycles.
Power Plant Engineering: Steam generators; steam power cycles; steam turbines; impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams, pressure and velocity compounding; reheating and reheat factor; condensers and feed heaters.
I.C. Engines: Requirements and suitability of fuels in IC engines, fuel ratings, fuel-air mixture requirements; normal combustion in SI and CI engines; engine performance calculations.
Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Refrigerant compressors, expansion devices, condensers and evaporators; properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, basic psychometric processes.
Turbomachinery: Components of gas turbines; compression processes, centrifugal and axial flow compressors; axial flow turbines, elementary theory; hydraulic turbines; Euler-turbine equation; specific speed, Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines; centrifugal pumps.
MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials and their applications, heat treatment.
Metal Casting: Casting processes (expendable and non-expendable) -pattern, moulds and cores, heating and pouring, solidification and cooling, gating design, design considerations, defects.
Forming Processes: Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle material, Plastic deformation and yield criteria, fundamentals of hot and cold working processes, Bulk metal forming processes (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing), sheet metal working processes (punching, blanking, bending, deep drawing, coining, spinning, load estimation using homogeneous deformation methods, defects). processing of powder metals- atomization, compaction, sintering, secondary and finishing operations. forming and shaping of plastics- extrusion, injection moulding.
Joining Processes: Physics of welding, fusion and non-fusion welding processes, brazing and soldering, adhesive bonding, design considerations in welding, weld quality defects.
Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear, cutting fluids, machinability, economics of machining, non-traditional machining processes.
Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances, linear and angular measurements, comparators, gauge design, interferometry, form and finish measurement, measurement of screw threads, alignment and testing methods.
Tool Engineering: Principles of work holding, design of jigs and fixtures.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD, CAM and their integration tools.
Manufacturing Analysis: Part-print analysis, tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly, time and cost analysis.
Work-Study: Method study, work measurement, time study, work sampling, job evaluation, merit rating.
Production Planning and Control: Forecasting models, aggregate production planning, master scheduling, materials requirements planning.
Inventory Control: Deterministic and probabilistic models, safety stock inventory control systems.
Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM
MN - MINING ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS:
Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.
Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Diferential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy's and Euler's equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs - Laplace, heat and wave equations.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson's rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
MINING ENGINEERING
Mechanics: Equivalent force systems, equations of equilibrium, two dimensional frames and trusses, free body diagrams, friction forces, particle kinematics and dynamics.
Mine Development, Geomechanics and Strata Control: Drivages for underground mine development, drilling methods and machines, explosives, blasting devices and practices, shaft sinking. Physico-mechanical properties of rocks, rock mass classification, ground control instrumentation and stress measurement techniques, theories of rock failure, ground vibrations, stress distribution around mine openings, subsidence, design of supports in roadways and workings, stability of open pits, slopes.
Mining Methods and Machinery: Surface mining - layout, development, loading, transportation and mechanization, continuous surface mining systems. Underground coal mining - bord and pillar system, longwall mining, thick seam mining methods. Underground metal mining: different stoping methods, stope mechanization, ore handling systems, mine filling. Generation and transmission of mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic power. Materials handling - haulages, conveyors, ropeways, face and development machinery, hoisting systems, and pumps.
Ventilation, Underground Hazards and Surface Environment: Underground atmosphere, heat load sources and thermal environment, air cooling, mechanics of air flow distribution, natural and mechanical ventilation, mine fans and their usage, auxiliary ventilation. Subsurface hazards from fires, explosions, gases, dust, and inundation, rescue apparatus and practices, safety in mines, accident analysis, noise, mine lighting. Air and water pollution: causes, dispersion, quality standards, and control.
Surveying, Mine Planning and Systems Engineering: Fundamentals of engineering surveying, Levels and levelling, Theodolite, tacheometry, triangulation, contouring, errors and adjustments, correlation, underground surveying, curves, photogrammetry, field astronomy, GPS fundamentals. Principles of planning - Sampling methods and practices, reserve estimation techniques, basics of geostatistics, optimization of facility location, cash flow concepts and mine valuation, open pit design. Work study, concepts of reliability, reliability of series and parallel systems. Linear programming, transportation and assignment problems, queueing, network analysis, inventory control.
MT - METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS:
Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.
Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Diferential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy's and Euler's equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs - Laplace, heat and wave equations.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson's rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
Thermodynamics and Rate Processes: Laws of thermodynamics, activity, equilibrium constant, applications to metallurgical systems, solutions, phase equilibria, basic kinetic laws, order of reactions, rate constants and rate limiting steps principles of electro chemistry, aqueous, corrosion and protection of metals, oxidation and high temperature corrosion - characterization and control; momentum transfer - concepts of viscosity, shell balances, Bernoulli's equation; heat transfer - conduction, convection and heat transfer coefficient relations, radiation, mass transfer - diffusion and Fick's laws.
Extractive Metallurgy: Flotation, gravity and other methods of mineral processing; agglomeration, pyro-hydro-and electro-metallurgical processes; material and energy balances; principles and processes for the extraction of non-ferrous metals - aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, nickel, titanium and other rare metals; iron and steel making - principles, blast furnace, direct reduction processes, primary and secondary steel making, deoxidation and inclusion in steel; ingot and continuous casting; stainless steel making, design of furnaces; fuels and refractories.
Physical Metallurgy: Crystal structure and bonding characteristics of metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers; solid solutions; solidification; phase transformation and binary phase diagrams; principles of heat treatment of steels, aluminum alloys and cast irons; recovery, recrystallization and grain growth; industrially important ferrous and non-ferrous alloys; elements of X-ray and electron diffraction; principles of scanning and transmission electron microscopy; elements of ceramics, composites and electronic materials; electronic basis of thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of materials.
Mechanical Metallurgy: Elements of elasticity and plasticity; defects in crystals; elements of dislocation theory - types of dislocations, slip and twinning, stress fields of dislocations, dislocation interactions and reactions, methods of seeing dislocations; strengthening mechanisms; tensile, fatigue and creep behaviour; superplasticity; fracture - Griffith theory, ductile to brittle transition, fracture toughness; failure analysis; mechanical testing - tension, compression, torsion, hardness, impact, creep, fatigue, fracture toughness and formability tests.
Manufacturing Processes: Metal casting - patterns, moulds, melting, gating, feeding and casting processes, defects and castings, hot and cold working of metals; Metal forming - fundamentals of metal forming, rolling wire drawing, extrusion, forming, sheet metal forming processes, defects in forming; Metal joining - soldering, brazing and welding, common welding processes, welding metallurgy, problems associated with welding of steels and aluminium alloys, defects in welding, powder metallurgy; NDT methods - ultrasonic, radiography, eddy current, acoustic emission and magnetic.
PH - PHYSICS
Mathematical Physics: Linear vector space, matrices; vector calculus; linear differential equations; elements of complex analysis; Laplace transforms, Fourier analysis, elementary ideas about tensors.
Classical Mechanics: Conservation laws; central forces; collisions and scattering in laboratory and centre of mass reference frames; mechanics of system of particles; rigid body dynamics; moment of inertia tensor; noninertial frames and pseudo forces; variational principle; Lagrange's and Hamilton's formalisms; equation of motion, cyclic coordinates, Poisson bracket; periodic motion, small oscillations, normal modes; wave equation and wave propagation; special theory of relativity - Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics, mass-energy equivalence.
Electromagnetic Theory: Laplace and Poisson equations; conductors and dielectrics; boundary value problems; Ampere's and Biot-Savart's laws; Faraday's law; Maxwell's equations; scalar and vector potentials; Coulomb and Lorentz gauges; boundary conditions at interfaces; electromagnetic waves; interference, diffraction and polarization; radiation from moving charges.
Quantum Mechanics: Physical basis of quantum mechanics; uncertainty principle; Schrodinger equation; one and three dimensional potential problems; Particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom; linear vectors and operators in Hilbert space; angular momentum and spin; addition of angular momentum; time independent perturbation theory; elementary scattering theory.
Atomic and Molecular Physics: Spectra of one-and many-electron atoms; LS and jj coupling; hyperfine structure; Zeeman and Stark effects; electric dipole transitions and selection rules; X-ray spectra; rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic transition in diatomic molecules, Franck-Condon principle; Raman effect; NMR and ESR; lasers.
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics: Laws of thermodynamics; macrostates, phase space; probability ensembles; partition function, free energy, calculation of thermodynamic quantities; classical and quantum statistics; degenerate Fermi gas; black body radiation and Planck's distribution law; Bose-Einstein condensation; first and second order phase transitions, critical point.
Solid State Physics: Elements of crystallography; diffraction methods for structure determination; bonding in solids; elastic properties of solids; defects in crystals; lattice vibrations and thermal properties of solids; free electron theory; band theory of solids; metals, semiconductors and insulators; transport properties; optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of solids; elements of superconductivity.
Nuclear and Particle Physics: Rutheford scattering; basic properties of nuclei; radioactive decay; nuclear forces; two nucleon problem; nuclear reactions; conservation laws; fission and fusion; nuclear models; particle accelerators, detectors; elementary particles; photons, baryons, mesons and leptons; Quark model.
Electronics: Network analysis; semiconductor devices; bipolar transistors; FETs; power supplies, amplifier, oscillators; operational amplifiers; elements of digital electronics; logic circuits.
PI - PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
GENERAL ENGINEERING:
Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials and their applications; effect of strain, strain rate and temperature on mechanical properties of metals and alloys; heat treatment of metals and alloys.
Applied Mechanics: Engineering mechanics - equivalent force systems, free body concepts, equations of equilibrium, virtual work and minimum potential energy; strength of materials- stress, strain and their relationship, Mohr's circle, deflection of beams, bending and shear stress, Euler's theory of columns.
Theory of Machines and Design: Analysis of planar mechanisms, plane cams and followers; governers and fly wheels; design of elements-failure theories; design of bolted, riveted and welded joints; design of shafts, keys, belt drives, brakes and clutches.
Thermal Engineering: Fluid machines - fluid statics, Bernoulli's equation, flow through pipes, equations of continuity and momentum; Thermodynamics - zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic system and processes, calculation of work and heat for systems and control volumes; Heat transfer - fundamentals of conduction, convection and radiation.
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Metal Casting: Casting processes; patterns-materials; allowances; moulds and cores - materials, making and testing; melting and founding of cast iron, steels and nonferrous metals and alloys; solidification; design of casting, gating and risering; casting defects and inspection.
Metal working: Stress-strain in elastic and plastic deformation; deformation mechanisms; hot and cold working-forging, rolling, extrusion, wire and tube drawing; sheet metal working; analysis of rolling, forging, extrusion and wire /rod drawing; metal working defects, high energy rate forming processes-explosive, magnetic, electro and electrohydraulic.
Metal Joining Processes: Welding processes - gas shielded metal arc, TIG, MIG, submerged arc, electroslag, thermit, resistance, pressure and forge welding; thermal cutting; other joining processes - soldering, brazing, braze welding; welding codes, welding symbols, design of welded joints, defects and inspection; introduction to modern welding processes - friction, ultrasonic, explosive, electron beam, laser and plasma.
Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Machining processes-turning, drilling, boring, milling, shaping, planing, sawing, gear cutting, thread production, broaching, grinding, lapping, honing super finishing; mechanics of cutting- Merchant's analysis, geometry of cutting tools, cutting forces, power requirements; selection of process parameters; tool materials, tool wear and tool life, cutting fluids, machinability; nontraditional machining processes and hybrid processes- EDM, CHM, ECM, USM, LBM, EBM, AJM, PAM AND WJM; economics of machining.
Metrology and Inspection: Limits and fits, linear and angular measurements by mechanical and optical methods, comparators; design of limit gauges; interferometry; measurement of straightness, flatness, roundness, squareness and symmetry; surface finish measurement; inspection of screw threads and gears; alignment testing.
Powder Metallurgy and Processing of Plastics: Production of powders, compaction, sintering; Polymers and composites; injection, compression and blow molding, extrusion, calendaring and thermoforming; molding of composites.
Tool Engineering: Work-holding-location and clamping; principles and methods; design of jigs and fixtures; design of press working tools, forging dies.
Manufacturing Analysis: Sources of errors in manufacturing; process capability; part-print analysis; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly; process planning; parameter selection and comparison of production alternatives; time and cost analysis; Issues in choosing manufacturing technologies and strategies.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD, CAM, CAPP, group technology, NC, CNC, DNC, FMS, Robotics and CIM.
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Product Design and Development: Principles of good product design, component and tolerance design; efficiency, quality and cost considerations; product life cycle; standardization, simplification, diversification, value analysis, concurrent engineering.
Engineering Economy and Costing: Financial statements; elementary cost accounting, methods of depreciation; break-even analysis, techniques for evaluation of capital investments.
Work System Design: Taylor's scientific management, Gilbreths's contributions; productivity concepts and measurements; method study, micro-motion study, principles of motion economy; human factors engineering, ergonomics; work measurement - time study, PMTS, work sampling; job evaluation, merit rating, wage administration, incentive systems; business process reengineering.
Logistics and Facility Design: Facility location factors, evaluation of alternatives, types of plant layout, evaluation; computer aided layout; assembly line balancing; material handling systems; supply chain management.
Production Planning and Inventory Control: Inventory Function costs, classifications - deterministic and probabilistic models; quantity discount; safety stock; inventory control system; Forecasting techniques - causal and time series models, moving average, exponential smoothing; trend and seasonality; aggregate production planning; master scheduling; bill of materials and material requirement planning; order control and flow control, routing, scheduling and priority dispatching; JIT; Kanban PULL systems; bottleneck scheduling and theory of constraints.
Operation Research: Linear programming - problem formulation, simplex method, duality and sensitivity analysis; transportation; assignment; network flow models, constrained optimization and Lagrange multipliers; simple queuing models; dynamic programming; simulation; PERT and CPM, time-cost trade-off, resource leveling.
Quality Control: Taguchi method; design of experiments; quality costs, statistical quality assurance, process control charts, acceptance sampling, zero defects; quality circles, total quality management.
Reliability and Maintenance: Reliability, availability and maintainability; probabilistic failure and repair times; system reliability; preventive maintenance and replacement, TPM.
Management Information System: Value of information; information storage and retrieval system - database and data structures; interactive systems; knowledge based systems.
Intellectual Property System: Definition of intellectual property, importance of IPR; TRIPS, and its implications, WIPO and Global IP structure, and IPS in India; patent, copyright, industrial design and trademark; meanings, rules and procedures, terms, infringements and remedies.
PY - PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Natural Products: Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry - Chemistry, tests, isolation, characterization and estimation of phytopharmaceuticals belonging to the group of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Steroids, Bioflavanoids, Purines, Guggul lipids. Pharmacognosy of crude drugs which contain the above constituents. Standardisation of raw materials and herbal products. WHO guide lines. Quantitative microscopy including modern techniques used for evaluation. Biotechnological principles and techniques for plant development Tissue culture.
Pharmacology: General pharmacological principles including Toxicology. Drug interaction. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Autonomic nervous system, Gastro intestinal system and Respiratory system. Pharmacology of Autocoids, Hormones, Chemotherapeutic agents including anticancer drugs. Bioassays. Immuno Pharmacology.
Medicinal Chemistry: Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs which are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia Hypnotics and Sedatives, Analgesics, NSAIDS, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Anticonvulsants, Antihistaminics, Local anaesthetics, Cardio Vascular drugs - Antianginal agents Vasodilators, Adrenergic & cholinergic drugs, Cardiotonic agents, Diuretics, Antihypertensive drugs, Hypoglycemic agents, Antilipedmic agents, Coagulants, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet agents. Chemotherapeutic agents - Antibiotics, Antibacterials, Sulphadrugs. Antiproliozoal drugs, Antiviral, Antitubercular, Antimalarial, Anticancer, Antiamoebic drugs. Diagnostic agents. Preparation and storage and uses of official Radiopharmaceuticals. Vitamins and Hormones.
Pharmaceutics: Development, manufacturing standards, labeling, packing as per the pharmacopoeal requirements, Storage of different dosage forms and new drug delivery systems. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics and their importance in formulation. Formulation and preparation of cosmetics - lipstick, shampoo, creams, nail preparations and dentifrices. Pharmaceutical calculations.
Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence: Legal aspects of manufacture, storage, sale of drugs. D and C act and rules. Pharmacy act.
Pharmaceutical Analysis: Principles, instrumentation and applications of the following. Absorption spectroscopy (UV, visible & IR), Fluorimetry, Flame photometry, Potentiometry, Conductometry and Plarography. Pharmacopoeial assays. Principles of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and different chromatographic methods.
Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacy: Biochemical role of hormones, Vitamins, Enzymes, Nucleic acids. Bioenergetics. General principles of immunology. Immunological techniques. Adverse drug interaction.
Microbiology: Principles and methods of microbiological assays of the Pharmacopoeia. Methods of preparation of official sera and vaccines. Serological and diagnostic tests. Applications of microorganisms in Bio Conversions and in Pharmaceutical industry.
TF - TEXTILE ENGINEERING AND FIBRE SCIENCE
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS:
Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.
Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Diferential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy's and Euler's equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs - Laplace, heat and wave equations.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson's rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
TEXTILE ENGINEERING & FIBRE SCIENCE
Textile Fibres: Classification of textile fibres according to their nature and origin; general characteristics of textile fibres-their chemical and physical structures and their properties; essential characteristics of fibre forming polymers; uses of natural and man-made fibres; physical and chemical methods of fibre and blend identification and blend analysis.
Melt Spinning processes with special reference to polyamide and polyester fibres; wet and dry spinning of viscose and acrylic fibres; post spinning operations-drawing, heat setting, texturing- false twist and air-jet, tow-to-top conversion. Methods of investigating fibre structure e.g. X-ray diffraction, birefringence, optical and electron microscopy, I.R. absorption, thermal methods; structure and morphology and principal natural and man-made fibres, mechanical properties of fibres, moisture sorption in fibres; fibre structure and property correlation.
Textile Testing: Sampling techniques, sample size and sampling errors; measurement of fibre length, fineness, crimp, strength and reflectance; measurement of cotton fibre maturity ad trash content; HVI and AFIS for fibre testing. Measurement of yarn count, twist and hairiness; tensile testing of fibres, yarn and fabrics; evenness testing of slivers, rovings and yarns; testing equipment for measurement test methods of fabric properties like thickness, compressibility, air permeability, drape, crease recovery, tear strength bursting strength and abrasion resistance. Correlation analysis, significance tests and analysis of variance; frequency distributions and control charts.
Yarn Manufacture and Yarn Structure: Modern methods of opening, cleaning and blending of fibrous materials; the technology of carding with particular reference to modern developments; causes of irregularity introduced by drafting, the development of modern drafting systems; principles and techniques of preparing material for combing; recent development in combers; functions and synchronization of various mechanisms concerned with roving production; forces acting on yarn and traveller, ring and traveller designs; causes of end breakages; properties of doubles yarns; new methods of yarn production such as rotor spinning, air jet spinning and friction spinning.
Yarn diameter; specific volume, packing coefficient; twist-strength relationship; fibre orientation in yarn; fibre migration.
Fabric Manufacture and Fabric Structure: Principles of cheese and cone winding processes and machines; random and precision winding; package faults and their remedies; yarn clearers and tensioners; different systems of yarn splicing; features of modern cone winding machines; different types of warping creels; features of modern beam and sectional warping machines; different sizing systems, sizing of spun and filament yarns, modern sizing machines; principles of pirn winding processes and machines; primary and secondary motions of loom, effect of their settings and timings on fabric formation, fabric appearance and weaving performance; dobby and jacquard shedding; mechanics of weft insertion with shuttle; warp and weft stop motions, warp protection, weft replenishment; functional principles of weft insertion systems of shuttleless weaving machines, principles of multiphase and circular looms. Principles of weft and warp knitting; basic weft and warp knitted structures; classification, production and areas of application of nonwoven fabrics.
Basic woven fabric constructions and their derivatives; crepe, cord, terry, gauze, lino and double cloth constructions.
Peirce's equations for fabric geometry; thickness, cover and maximum sett of woven fabrics
Textile Chemical Processing: Preparatory processes for natural-and and their blends; mercerization of cotton; machines for yarn and fabric mercerization.
Dyeing and printing of natural- and synthetic- fibre fabrics and their blends with different dye classes; dyeing and printing machines; styles of printing; fastness properties of dyed and printed textile materials.
Finishing of textile materials, wash and wear, durable press, soil release, water repellent, flame retardant and antistatic finishes; shrink-resistance finish for wool; heat setting of synthetic-fibre fabrics, finishing machines; energy efficient processes; pollution control.
XE - ENGINERING SCIENCES
The syllabi of the sections of this paper are as follows:
SECTION A. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (Compulsory)
Linear Algebra : Determinates, algebra of matrices, rank, inverse, system of linear equations, symmetric, skew-symmetric and orthogonal matrices. Hermitian, skew-hermitian and unitary matrices. eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalisation of matrices, Cayley-Hamiltonian, quadratic forms.
Calculus : Functions of single variables, limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Intermediate forms and L'Hospital rule, Maxima and minima, Taylor's series, Fundamental and mean value-theorems of integral calculus. Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Beta and Gamma functions, Functions of two variables, limit, continuity, partial derivatives, Euler's theorem for homogeneous functions, total derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange method of multipliers, double and triple integrals and their applications, sequence and series, tests for convergence, power series, Fourier Series, Fourier integrals.
Complex variable: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula without proof. Taylor's and Laurent' series, Residue theorem (without proof) with application to the evaluation of real integarls.
Vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems (without proofs) with applications.
Ordinary Differential Equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of paramaters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, initial and boundary value problems, power series solutions, Legendre polynomials and Bessel's functions of the first kind.
Partial Differential Equations: Variables separable method, solutions of one dimensional heat, wave and Laplace equations.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and simple theorems, conditional probability, mean, mode and standard deviation, random variables, discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, normal and Binomial distribution, correlation and regression
Numerical Methods: L-U decomposition for systems of linear equations,Newton-Raphson method, numerical integration(trapezoidal and Simpson's rule), numerical methods for first order differential equation (Euler method)
SECTION B. COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE
Numerical Methods: Truncation errors, round off errors and their propagation; Interpolation; Lagrange, Newton's forward, backward and divided difference formulas, least square curve fitting, solution of non-linear equations of one variables using bisection, false position, secant and Newton Raphson methods; Rate of convergence of these methods, general iterative methods. Simple and multiple roots of polynomials. Solutions of system of linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination methods, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iterative methods and their rate of convergence; ill conditioned and well conditioned system. eigen values and eigen vectors using power methods. Numerical integration using trapezoidal, Simpson's rule and other quadrature formulas. Numerical Differentiation. Solution of boundary value problems. Solution of initial value problems of ordinary differential equations using Euler's method, predictor corrector and Runge Kutta method.
Programming : Elementary concepts and terminology of a computer system and system software, Fortran77 and C programming.
Fortran : Program organization, arithmetic statements, transfer of control, Do loops, subscripted variables, functions and subroutines.
C language : Basic data types and declarations, flow of control- iterative statement, conditional statement, unconditional branching, arrays, functions and procedures.
SECTION C. ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electric Circuits: Ideal voltage and current sources; RLC circuits, steady state and transient analysis of DC circuits, network theorems; alternating currents and voltages, single-phase AC circuits, resonance; three-phase circuits.
Magnetic circuits: Mmf and flux, and their relationship with voltage and current; transformer, equivalent circuit of a practical transformer, three-phase transformer connections.
Electrical machines: Principle of operation, characteristics, efficiency and regulation of DC and synchronous machines; equivalent circuit and performance of three-phase and single-phase induction motors.
Electronic Circuits: Characteristics of p-n junction diodes, zener diodes, bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and junction field effect transistors (JFET); MOSFET's structure, characteristics, and operations; rectifiers, filters, and regulated power supplies; biasing circuits, different configurations of transistor amplifiers, class A, B and C of power amplifiers; linear applications of operational amplifiers; oscillators; tuned and phase shift types.
Digital circuits: Number systems, Boolean algebra; logic gates, combinational circuits, flip-flops (RS, JK, D and T) counters.
Measuring instruments: Moving coil, moving iron, and dynamometer type instruments; shunts, instrument transformers, cathode ray oscilloscopes; D/A and A/D converters.
SECTION D. FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Properties: Relation between stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids
Hydrostatics, buoyancy, manometry
Concept of local and convective accelerations; control volume analysis for mass, momentum and energy conservation.
Differential equations of continuity and momentum (Euler's equation of motion); concept of fluid rotation, stream function, potential function; Bernoulli's equation and its applications.
Qualitative ideas of boundary layers and its separation; streamlined and bluff bodies; drag and lift forces.
Fully-developed pipe flow; laminar and turbulent flows; friction factor; Darcy Weisbach relation; Moody's friction chart; losses in pipe fittings; flow measurements using venturimeter and orifice plates.
Dimensional analysis; similitude and concept of dynamic similarity; importance of dimensionless numbers in model studies.
SECTION E. MATERIALS SCIENCE
Atomic structure and bonding in materials: metals, ceramics and polymers.
Structure of materials: Crystal systems, unit cells and space lattice; determination of structures of simple crystals by X-ray diffraction; Miller indices for planes and directions. Packing geometry in metallic, ionic and covalent solids.
Concept of amorphous, single and polycrystalline structures and their effects on properties of materials.
Imperfections in crystalline solids and their role in influencing various properties.
Fick´s laws of diffusion and applications of diffusion in sintering, doping of semiconductors and surface hardening of metals.
Alloys: solid solution and solubility limit. Binary phase diagram, intermediate phases and intermetallic compounds; iron-iron carbide phase diagram. Phase transformation in steels. Cold and hot working of metals, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth.
Properties and applications of ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
Structure, properties, processing and applications of traditional and advanced ceramics.
Polymers: classification, polymerization, structure and properties, additives for polymer products, processing and application.
Composites: properties and application of various composites.
Corrosion and environmental degradation of materials (metals, ceramics and polymers).
Mechanical properties of materials: Stress-strain diagrams of metallic, ceramic and polymeric materials, modulus of elasticity, yield strength, plastic deformation and toughness, tensile strength and elongation at break; viscoelasticity, hardness, impact strength. ductile and brittle fracture. creep and fatigue properties of materials.
Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion of materials.
Concept of energy band diagram for materials; conductors, semiconductors and insulators in terms of energy bands. Electrical conductivity, effect of temperature on conductivity in materials, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, dielectric properties of materials.
Refraction, reflection, absorption and transmission of electromagnetic radiation in solids.
Origin of magnetism in metallic and ceramic materials, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism in materials and magnetic hysteresis.
Advanced materials: Smart materials exhibiting ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optoelectronic, semiconducting behaviour; lasers and optical fibers; photoconductivity and superconductivity in materials.
SECTION F. SOLID MECHANICS
Equivalent force systems; free-body diagrams; equilibrium equations; analysis of determinate and indeterminate trusses and frames; friction.
Simple relative motion of particles; force as function of position, time and speed; force acting on a body in motion; laws of motion; law of conservation of energy; law of conservation of momentum
Stresses and strains; principal stresses and strains; Mohr's circle; generalized Hooke's Law; equilibrium equations; compatibility conditions; yield criteria.
Axial, shear and bending moment diagrams; axial, shear and bending stresses; deflection (for symmetric bending); torsion in circular shafts; thin cylinders; energy methods (Castigliano's Theorems); Euler buckling.
SECTION G. THERMODYNAMICS
Basic Concepts: Continuum, macroscopic approach, thermodynamic system (closed and open or control volume); thermodynamic properties and equilibrium; state of a system, state diagram, path and process; different modes of work; Zeroth law of thermodynamics; concept of temperature; heat.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy, enthalpy, specific heats, first law applied to systems and control volumes, steady and unsteady flow analysis.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot theorems, thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality and concept of entropy, principle of increase of entropy; availability and irreversibility.
Properties of Pure Substances: Thermodynamic properties of pure substances in solid, liquid and vapour phases, P-V-T behaviour of simple compressible substances, phase rule, thermodynamic property tables and charts, ideal and real gases, equations of state, compressibility chart.
Thermodynamic Relations: T-ds relations, Maxwell equations, Joule-Thomson coefficient, coefficient of volume expansion, adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities, Clapeyron equation.
Ideal Gas Mixtures: Dalton's and Amagat's laws, calculations of properties, air-water vapour mixtures.
XL - LIFE SCIENCES
The syllabi of the Sections of this paper are as follows:
SECTION H. CHEMISTRY (Compulsory)
Atomic structure and periodicity: Quantum chemistry; Planck's quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom; electronic configuration of atoms; periodic table and periodic properties; ionization energy, election affinity, electronegativity, atomic size.
Structure and bonding: Ionic and covalent bonding M.O. and V.B. approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridisation, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids; ionic radii, lattice energy (Born-Haber Cycle).
s.p. and d Block Elements: Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, B, Al, S, N, P and S, silicones, general characteristics of 3d elements, coordination complexes: valence bond and crystal field theory, color, geometry and magnetic properties.
Chemical Equilibria: Colligative properties of solutions, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications in chemical analysis.
Electrochemistry: Conductance, Kohlrausch law, Half Cell potentials, emf, Nernst equation, galvanic cells, thermodynamic aspects and their applications.
Reaction Kinetics: Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order kinetics, equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions.
Thermodynamics: First law, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff's equation, heat of reaction, Hess law, heat of formation, Second law, entropy, free energy, and work function. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, free energy change and equilibrium constant, Troutons rule, Third law of thermodynamics.
Mechanistic Basis of Organic Reactions: Elementary treatment of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules, Addition reactions, Markonikoff rule and Kharash effect, Diels-Alder reaction, aromatic electrophilic substitution, orientation effect as exemplified by various functional groups.
Structure-Reactivity Correlations: Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, optical and geometrical isomerism, tautomerism, concept of aromaticity
SECTION I. BIOCHEMISTRY
Organization of life. Importance of water. Cell structure and organelles. Structure and function of biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids. Biochemical separation techniques. Spectroscopic methods; UV-visible and fluorescence. Protein structure, folding and function: Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Lysozyme, ribonuclease A, Carboxypeptidase and Chymotrypsin. Enzyme kinetics and regulation, Coenzymes.
Metabolism and bioenergitics. Generation and utilization of ATP. Photosynthesis. Major metabolic pathways and their regulation. Biological membranes. Transport across membranes. Signal transduction; hormones and neurotransmitters.
DNA replication, transcription and translation. Biochemical regulation of gene expression. Recombinant DNA technology and applications. Genomics and Proteomics.
The immune system. Active and passive immunity. Complement system. Antobody structure, function and diversity. Cells of the immune system: T, B and macrophages. T and B cell activation. Major histocompatibilty complex. T cell receptor. Immunological techniques: Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, RIA and ELISA.
SECTION J. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA technology for the production of therapeutic proteins. Micro array technology. Heterologous protein expression systems in bacteria, yeast etc.
Architecture of plant genome; plant tissue culture techniques; methods of gene transfer into plant cells; manipulation of phenotypic traits in plants; plant cell fermentations and production of secondary metabolites using suspension/ immobilized cell culture; methods for plant micro propagation; crop improvement and development of transgenic plants. Expression of animal proteins in plants.
Animal cell metabolism and regulation; cell cycle; primary cell culture; nutritional requirements for animal cell culture; techniques for the mass culture of animal cell lines; production of vaccines; growth hormones and interferons using animal cell culture; cytokines- production and therapeutic uses; hybridoma technology; vectors for gene transfer and expression in animal cells. Transgenic animals and molecular pharming.
Microbial production of industrial enzymes; methods for immobilization of enzymes; kinetics of soluble and immobilized enzymes; application of soluble and immobilized enzymes; enzyme-based sensors.
Microbial growth kinetics; batch, fed batch and continuous culture of microbial cells; media for industrial fermentations; sterilization of air and media; design features and operation of stirred tank, air-lift and fluidized bed reactors; aeration and agitation in aerobic fermentations; recovery and purification of fermentation products- filtration, centrifugation, cell disintegration, solvent extraction and chromatographic separations; industrial fermentations for the production of ethanol, citric acid, lysine, penicillin and other biomolecules; simple calculations based on material and energy balance of fermentation processes; application of microbes in the management of domestic and industrial wastes.
SECTION K. BOTANY
Anatomy: Roots, stem and leaves of land plants, meristems, vascular system, their ontogeny, structure and functions. Plant cell structure, organisation, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall and membranes.
Development: Cell cycle, cell division, senescence, hormonal regulation of growth; life cycle of an angiosperm, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, seed formation, seed storage proteins, seed dormancy and germination. Concept of cellular totipotency, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, embryo culture, in vitro fertilization.
Physiology and Biochemistry: Plant water relations, transport of minerals and solutes, N2 metabolism, proteins and nucleic acid, respiration, photophysiology, photosynthesis, photorespiration; biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth regulators.
Genetics: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination and genetic mapping; extrachromosomal inheritance; eukaryotic genome organization (chromatin structure) and regulation of gene expression, gene mutation, chromosome aberrations (numerical and structural), transposons.
Plant Breeding: Principles, methods - selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, self and inter-specific incompatibility; haploidy; somatic cell hybridization; molecular marker-assisted selection; gene transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, transgenic plants and their applications in agriculture.
Economic Botany: Economically important plants - cereals, pulses, plants yielding fiber, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, dyes, gums, drugs and narcotics - a general account.
Systematics: Systems of classification (non-phylogenetic vs. phylogenetic - outline), plant groups, molecular systematics.
Plant Pathology: Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses, and their control measures, mechanism(s) of pathogenesis and resistance, molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe beneficial interactions.
Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecosystems - types, dynamics, degradation, ecological succession; food chains; vegetation types of the world; pollution and global warming; speciation and extinction, conservation strategies, cryopreservation.
SECTION L. MICROBIOLOGY
Historical perspective - Discovery of the microbial world; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.
Methods in microbiology - Pure culture techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization; Principles of microbial nutrition; Construction of culture media; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms.
Microbial evolution, systematics and taxonomy - Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; Primitive organisms and their metabolic strategies; New approaches to bacterial taxonomic classification including ribotyping; Nomenclature.
Microbial diversity - Bacteria, archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes, yeast, fungi, slime mold and protozoa; Viruses and their classification.
Microbial growth -The definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth curve, measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous culture.
Nutrition and metabolism - Overview of metabolism; Microbial nutrition; Energy classes of microorganisms; Culture media; Energetics, modes of ATP generation; ATP generation by heterotrophs; Fermentation; Glycolysis; Respiration; The citric acid cycle; Electron transport systems; Alternate modes of energy generation; Pathways (anabolism) in the biosynthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids.
Metabolic diversity among microorganisms - Photosynthesis in microorganisms; Role of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobilins; Calvin cycle; Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen- iron- nitrite-oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction; Methanogenesis and acetogenesis.
Prokaryotic cells: structure-function - Cells walls of eubacteria (peptidoglycan) and related molecules; Outer-membrane of gram-negative bacteria; Cell wall and cell membrane synthesis; Flagella and motility; Cell inclusions like endospores, gas vesicles.
Microbial diseases and host parasite relationships - Normal microflora of skin; Oral cavity; Gastrointestinal tract; Entry of pathogens into the host; Infectious disease transmission; Respiratory infections caused by bacteria and viruses; Tuberculosis; Sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS; Diseases transmitted by animals (Rabies, plague), insects and ticks (rikettsias, Lyme disease, malaria); Food and water borne diseases; Public health and water quality; Pahtogenic fungi; Emerging and resurgent infectious diseases.
Chemotherapy/Antibiotics - Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and cephalosporins; Broad-spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.
Microbial genetics - Genes, mutation and mutagenesis - UV and chemical mutagnes; Types of mutations; Ames test for mutagenesis; Methods of genetic analysis. Bacterial genetic system - Transformation; Conjugation; Transduction; Recombination; Plasmids and Transposons; Bacterial genetic map with reference to E. coli. Viruses and their genetic system - Phage ? and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA viruses; Retroviruses; Genetic systems of yeast and Neurospora; Extrachromosomal inheritance and mitochondrial genetics; Basic concept of genomics.
SECTION M. ZOOLOGY
Animal world: Animal diversity, distribution, systematic and classification of animals, the phylogenetic relationship.
Evolution: Origin of life, history of life on earth, evolutionary theories, natural selection, adaptation, speciation.
Genetics: Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, the genetic material, transmission of genetic material, mutations, cytoplasmic inheritance.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Nucleic acids, proteins and other biological macromolecules. Replication, transcription and translation, regulation of gene expression, organization of genome, Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their action.
Cell Biology: Structure of cell, cellular organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell division, cellular differentiation, chromosome and chromatin structure. Eukaryotic gene organisation and expression.
Animal Anatomy and Physiology: Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system, osmoregulation.
Parasitology and Immunology: Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic parasites, the immune response, cellular and humoral immune response, evolution of the immune system.
Development Biology: Embryonic development, cellular differentiation, organogenesis, metamorphosis, genetic basis of development.
Ecology: The ecosystem, habitats the food chain, population dynamics, species diversity, zoogeography, biogeochemical cycles, conservation biology.
Animal Behaviour: Types of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct, learning and memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa, communication, pheromones, evolution of animal behaviour.
IT - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.
Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.
Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra.
Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics.
Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism.
Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules.
Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima.
FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA
Regular Languages: finite automata, regular expressions, regular grammar.
Context free languages: push down automata, context free grammars
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Digital Logic: Logic functions, minimization, design and synthesis of combinatorial and sequential circuits, number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point)
Computer organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data path, hardwired and microprogrammed control, memory interface, I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode), serial communication interface, instruction pipelining, cache, main and secondary storage
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Data structures and Algorithms: the notion of abstract data types, stack, queue, list, set, string, tree, binary search tree, heap, graph, tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching, design techniques (greedy, dynamic, divide and conquer), asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, intractability
Programming Methodology: C programming, program control (iteration, recursion, functions), scope, binding, parameter passing, elementary concepts of object oriented programming
Operating Systems (in the context of Unix): classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), processes, threads and interprocess communication, CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems, I/O systems, protection and security
Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance.
Databases: relational model, database design, integrity constraints, normal forms, query languages (SQL), file structures (sequential, indexed), b-trees, transaction and concurrency control
Data Communication: data encoding and transmission, data link control, multiplexing, packet switching, LAN architecture, LAN systems (Ethernet, token ring), Network devices: switches, gateways, routers
Networks: ISO/OSI stack, sliding window protocols, routing protocols, TCP/UDP, application layer protocols & systems (http, smtp, dns, ftp), network security
Web technologies: three tier web based architecture; JSP, ASP, J2EE, .NET systems; html, XML
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TOEFL Vocabulary
1. We haven't ___ our son for three months. He is not much of a letter writer.
1) seen
2) written to
3) heard from
4) kept touch with
Answer: 3
2. ___ the morning news, many houses on the island were destroyed.
1) According to
2) In addition to
3) In contrast to
4) In spite of
Answer: 1
3. Jack has a lot of clothes, but most of them are out of ___.
1) age
2) fashion
3) order
4) time
Answer: 2
4. That copying machine is ___ order. Why don't you use this one?.
1) out of
2) off of
3) in
4) by
Answer: 1
5. My son dropped ___ college and joined the army.
1) away from
2) by
3) off
4) out of
Answer: 4
6. The police signaled the driver to ___ and stop.
1) pull over
2) put in
3) pass by
4) pick up
Answer: 4
7. Don't speak so fast, please. I cannot keep ___ with you.
1) on
2) out
3) away
4) up
Answer: 4
8. Since I came in half an hour later this morning, I have to stay until 5:30 to ___ for it.
1) save up
2) make up
3) keep up
4) hold up
Answer: 4
9. I deposited 10,000 yen every month for three years and ___ enough money to go the United States.
1) saved up
2) made up
3) kept up
4) held up
Answer: 1
10. Would you turn ___ the TV? I'm afraid the baby will wake up.
1) off
2) on
3) up
4) over
Answer: 1
11. We will ___ the picnic, since it started raining.
1) put off
2) take off
3) turn off
4) brush off
Answer: 1
12. Most of our customers ___ their meals rather than eating here.
1) take out
2) take back
3) take in
4) take off
Answer: 1
13. I ___ my old friend when I was shopping downtown yesterday.
1) came around
2) ran into
3) stopped by
4) dropped in
Answer: 2
14. May I ___ this suit? It if fits, I'll buy it.
1) try on
2) put on
3) pull on
4) get on
Answer: 1
15. I quit my job because I could not ___ with my boss.
1) get up
2) make up
3) take up
4) put up
Answer: 4
16. Sorry, but that book is ___. We'll get some copies from the publisher next Monday.
1) out of print
2) out of order
3) off shelf
4) out of stock
Answer: 4
17. The new policies brought ___ many changes in our company.
1) about
2) down
3) out
4) up
Answer: 1
18. The farmers broke ___ the stone wall and started the revolution.
1) down
2) in
3) off
4) out
Answer:1
20. The economy was so bad that I carried red ink ___ into this fiscal year.
1) away
2) on
3) out
4) over
Answer: 4
21. Because of the bad weather, communication with the base camp was cut ___.
1) down
2) off
3) out
4) in
Answer: 2
22. This letter was so badly written that I could not ___ what it said.
1) get out
2) figure out
3) take out
4) count out
Answer:2
23. We ___ gas, so we have to wait until a car passes by.
1) gave out on
2) ran out of
3) walked out on
4) disposed of
Answer: 2
24. I ___ my boss's work after he left.
1) got on
2) pulled over
3) ran over
4) took over
Answer: 4
25. Could you ___ the baby? She's been sleeping all afternoon.
1) look to
2) check on
3) take care
4) look up
Answer: 2
26. Could you ___ the names of the people who are not coming to the party?
1) cut down
2) cross out
3) sign up
4) keep up
Answer:2
27. Jan and Celia went to see a movie and ( ran into ) an old friend of theirs in the lobby of the movie theater.
1) talked to
2) saw
3) happened to meet
4) ran over
Answer: 3
28. During an earthquake, it is important that you turn off the gas, stay under a table or something sturdy and ( keep your head ).
1) hide
2) be quiet
3) stay alive
4) stay calm
Answer: 4
29. I imagine that other people have told you many different things, but please ( keep in mind ) what I have said.
1) think about
2) remind
3) remember
4) announce
Answer: 4
30. The party is going to start soon. Would you please check and see how many bottles of wine we have ( on hand )?
1) in your hand
2) available
3) for that purpose
4) chilled
Answer: 2
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TOEFL Resources and Downloads
TOEFL Preparation
TOEFL Secrets
TOEFL Grammer Questions
Paper Based TOEFL
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Tuesday, December 25, 2007
Graduation percentage requirement by B-Schools in India for MBA admission
As a part of the selection criteria, a number of management institutes also include a minimum percentage marks to be scored by the students in their graduation for the students to be eligible to apply to such institutes.
Given below is a list of some management institutes and the graduation percentage requirements that they have.
Please note that this list has been compiled from the admission notifications that the respective institutes released last year or from the websites of the respective institutes. Students are advised to check for this year’s notifications for the latest info on the academic percentage requirements of these B-Schools.
SNo. Name of the Institute City Name of the Programme Cut off % at graduation level
1 Abdul Qadir Jeelani (Centre for Post Graduate Studies) Visakhapatnam MBA 40
2 Al-Ameen Institute of Management Studies Bangalore MBA 50
3 Alliance Business Academy Bangalore MBA 50
4 Amrita Institute of Management Coimbatore PGDM 50
5 Apex Institute of Management Maharasthra MBA 45
6 Asan Memorial Institute of Management Chennai MBA 50
7 Babasaheb Gawde Institute of Management Sciences Mumbai MBA 45
8 Bharathiar School of Management and Entrepreneur Development Coimbatore MBA 50
9 Bharathidasan Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli MBA 50
10 Bharati Vidyapeeth Navi Mumbai MMS 55
11 Bharati Vidyapeeth's New Delhi MBA 45
12 Birla Institute of Management Technology New Delhi PGDBM 50
13 Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi MBA 60
14 BLS Institute of Management Ghaziabad MBA 50
15 BVIMSR Center for Business Education Navi Mumbai PGDBM 50
16 Christ College Institute of management Bangalore MBA 50
17 Cochin University of Science & Technology Cochin MBA 50
18 David Memorial Institute of Management Secunderabad MBA 75
19 Deccan School of Management Hyderabad MBA 45
20 Department of Business Administration Lucknow MBA 50
21 Department of Business Administration, Bhavnagar University Bhavnagar MBA 50
22 Department of Business Economics New Delhi MBE 55
23 Department of Business Management Hisar MBA 50
24 Department of Commerce & Management Studies Calicut MBA 50
25 Department of Management (Birla Institute of Technology) Ranchi MBA 50
26 Department of Management Sciences & Research Nagpur MBA 45
27 Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune (PUMBA) Pune MBA 50
28 Department of Management Studies New Delhi MBA 50
29 Department of Management Studies Jammu MBA 50
30 Department of management Studies & Research Nagpur MBA 45
31 Department of Management Studies (DOMS) Chennai MBA 60
32 Department of Management Studies, The University of Kashmir Kashmir MBA 50
33 Department of Tourism Kurukshetra MHM 50
34 Dhruva College of Management Hyderabad PGDBM 50
35 Dr G R Damodaran College of Science Coimbatore MBA Graduation pass
36 Faculty of Management Studies Vadodara MBA 50
37 Faculty of Management Studies Shahganj Road MBA 50
38 FMS, Delhi New Delhi MBA 50
39 G H Patel PG Institute of Business Management Gujarat MBA 50
40 Garden City College Bangalore MBA 50
41 Gitam Institute of Foreign Trade Visakhapatnam MPIB 50
42 Goa Institute of Management Goa MBA 50
43 IBAT (Abusiness School of KIIT) Bhubaneswar PGDM 55
44 IBSAR Navi Mumbai MBA 45
45 ICFAI National College Hyderabad MBA 40
46 ICFAI Business School Hyderabad PGDBA 50
47 IIFT (Indian Institute of Foreign Trade) New Delhi MBA 50
48 IIT Delhi (Department of Management Studies) New Delhi MBA 60
49 IIT (Department of Management Studies) Kanpur MBA 60
50 IIT (Department of Management Studies) Kharagpur MBA 60
51 IIT (Department of Management Studies) Madras MBA 60
52 IIT (Department of Management Studies) Rourkee MBA 60
53 India International Institute of Management Jaipur MBA 50
54 Indian Institute of Business Management Patna PGDM 50
55 Indian Institute of Finance Delhi MBF 50
56 Indian Institute of Health Management Research Jaipur PGPHHM 50
57 Indian Institute of Modern Management Pune PGDM 50
58 Indian Institute of Rural Management Jaipur PGDBM 50
59 Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur MBA 60
60 Indian School of Mines (Department of Management Studies) Dhanbad MBA 55
61 Indira Group of Institute (Indira School of Management Studies) Pune MBA 50
62 Institute for Integrated Learning In Management (IILM) New Delhi PGDBM 50
63 Institute for Technology & Management Navi Mumbai PDBA 50
64 Institute for Technology & Management Bangalore PGDBA 50
65 Institute for Technology & Management Warangal PGDBA 50
66 Institute of Business Management Kolkatta MBA 50
67 Institute of Business Management & Research Indore MBA 50
68 Institute of Management Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar PGDBM 50
69 Institute of Management Education Sahibabad PGDM 50
70 Institute of Management Education And Research Belgaum MBA 50
71 Institute of Management in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram MBA 50
72 Institute of Management Studies NOIDA MBA 50
73 Institute of Management Studies Dehradun MBA 50
74 Institute of Management Studies & Research Navi Mumbai MMS 50
75 Institute of Management Studies (IMS) Ahmednagar MBA 45
76 Institute of Management Technology Ghaziabad PGDBM 50
77 Institute of Productivity & management Gomti Nagar PGDBM 50
78 Institute of Public Enterprise Hyderabad MBA 45
79 Institute of Rural Management Anand Anand PGDRM 50
80 Institute of Technology & Management Chennai PGDBA 60
81 Institute for Financial Management and Research Chennai PGDM 60
82 Integrated Academy of Management & Technology Ghaziabad PGDM 50
83 International Institute for Special Education Lucknow PGDBA 45
84 International Institute of Foreign Trade and Research Indore MFT 50
85 International Institute of Professional Studies Indore MMS 50
86 International Institute of Professional studies Indore MMS 50
87 International Management Institute New Delhi PGP 50
88 IRMA Anand MBA 50
89 Ishan Institute of Management & Technology Greater Noida PGDBM 50
90 ITM Business School Navi Mumbai MBA 50
91 IMDR Pune PGDM 50
92 Jagan Institute of Management Studies New Delhi PGDBM 50
93 JEE Orissa MBA Graduation pass
94 Justice K S Hegde (Institute of Management) NITTE MBA 50
95 K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Mumbai MMS 45
96 K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Mumbai MBA 50
97 K. K. E. E. S. Institute of Management Bangalore MBA 50
98 Karunya Institute of Technology Coimbatore MBA 60
99 Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies Harihar PGDM 50
100 M S Ramaiah Institute of Management Bangalore PGDBM 50
101 Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai MBA 50
102 Mahatma Gandhi College (PG Courses) Guntur MBA 50
103 MAH-MBA/MMS-CET Maharasthra MBA 45
104 Management Education & Research Institute New Delhi PGDBM 50
105 Master School of Management Meerut PGDBM 50
106 MAT Maharasthra MBA Graduation pass
107 METs Institute of Management Mumbai MMS 50
108 MOP Vaishnav College for Women Chennai MBA 60
109 Mount Carmel Institute of Management Bangalore PGPBA 50
110 National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management Hyderabad PGPABM 50
111 National Institute of Technology Durgapur MBA 50
112 Neville Wadia Institute of Management Studies & Research Pune MBA 45
113 New Delhi Institute of Management New Delhi MBA 50
114 NIILM Centre for Management Studies New Delhi PGDBM 50
115 NIMT Ghaziabad Ghaziabad PGDBM 50
116 Nirma Institute of Management Ahmedabad PGPM (FT) 50
117 NITIE Mumbai PGDIM 60
118 Pioneer Institute of Professional Studies Indore MBA 50
119 Pondicherry Umiversity Pondicherry MBA 50
120 Prestige Institute of Management Dewas Dewas MBA (FT) 50
121 Prin L N Welingkar Institute of Management development & Research Mumbai PGDBA 50
122 PSG Institute of Management Coimbatore MBA 50
123 Punjab School of Management Studies Patiala MBA 50
124 R. K. Institute of Management & Computer Science Bangalore MBA 50
125 Rajagiri School of Management Cochin MBA 50
126 Rajagiri School of Management Cochin MBA 50
127 Rajrambapu Institute of Technology Sangli MBA 45
128 Rizvi Institute of Management Mumbai MMS 45
129 Rourkela Institute of Management Studies Rourkela MBA 50
130 S.I.E.S. College of Management Studies Navi Mumbai MMS 45
131 School of Communication & Management Studies Cochin PGDM 50
132 School of Management Sciences, Varanasi PGDBM 50
133 SDM Institute or Management Development Mysore PGDBM 50
134 Shailesh J Mehta SoM, IIT Bombay Mumbai MOM 60
135 Shiva Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad PGDBM 50
136 Shri Vaishnav Institute of Management Indore MBA 50
137 Siva Sivani Institute of Management Secunderabad PGDBM 50
138 Skyline Business School New Delhi MBA (MAHE) 50
139 Sona College of Technology Salem MBA 50
140 Sri Sringeri Sharada Institute of Management New Delhi PGDBM 50
141 Sydenham Institute of Management Studies & Research and Entrepreneurship Education (SIMSREE) Mumbai MMS 45
142 Symbiosis Institute of Business Management Pune MBA 50
143 Symbiosis Institute of International Business Pune MPIB 50
144 T A Pai Management Institute Manipal PGDM 50
145 Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test Tamil Nadu MBA 50
146 Thiagarajar School of Management Madurai MBA 50
147 United Institute of Management Allahabad MBA 50
148 University Business School Chandigarh MBA 50
149 Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Cooperative Management Pune PGDBM 50
150 Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore MBA 55
--> 151 Welingkar Institute of Management Mumbai PGDBM not mentioned 152 Xavier institute of Management Bhubaneswar NA 153 Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship Bangalore PGDBM 50 154 Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship Jamshedpur PMIR 50
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Monday, December 24, 2007
IIFT 2008 Scorecard available
click here to get Score Card and List of selected candidates for GD & Interview for IIFT MBA (IB) 2008-10
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Previous Papers of MBA Exams (CAT , XAT, FMS ,CET and SNAP)
Check out our special section on MBA Entrance
* Download CAT 2007 Paper with Solution
* Download CAT 2007 Answer Key
* CAT Sample Paper I
* CAT Sample Paper II
* CAT Sample Paper III
* Download XAT Sample Papers
* Download FMS Sample Papers
* Download CET Sample Papers
* Download SNAP Sample Papers
Note : Right Click and choose Save Target As for downloading the questions set.
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Friday, December 21, 2007
TOEFL Grammer
1. You should know that everyone in this office _____ busily planning the dance for a week.
1) is
2) has been
3) have been
4) are
Answer: 2
2. Jan is a wonderful singer. Her mother tells me that she _____ professionally since she was four.
1) has been sung
2) was singing
3) is singing
4) has been singing
Answer: 4
3. Ellen's grades have been really bad, but this semester, Jack's were undoubtedly _____.
1) more bad
2) badder
3) worse
4) so worse
Answer:3
4. I can't find my wallet. _____ it at home.
1) I must leave
2) Might I have left
3) Maybe I leave
4) I might have left
Answer:4
5. All the students went to the magic show, which we all thought was really _____, yesterday.
1) amusingly
2) amuse
3) amusing
4) amused
Answer: 3
6. We were angry about the situation and insisted _____ by the president.
1) to see
2) on being seen
3) on seeing
4) to be seen
Answer: 2
7. I'm always willing to help you. Just tell me what _____ me to do.
1) want
2) you do want
3) do you want
4) you want
Answer: 4
8. It is strange that for the past few days we haven't heard _____ news about that accident.
1) many
2) a lot
3) much
4) much of
Answer: 3
9. Communication has always been important. Ancient _____ were simple.
1) message systems
2) messages systems
3) message-systems
4) messages-systems
Answer: 1
10. The report concluded that _____ man, woman, and child in the US should wear a seat belt when driving or riding in a car.
1) all
2) each of
3) no
4) every
Answer: 4
11. In spite of the rain, some people in the village are planning to climb the mountain to rescue the injured people, but _____ are staying home.
1) most of people
2) many of a number
3) many of them
4) the most people
Answer: 3
12. I need _____ to finish a bench, and I'll go and look in a garage.
1) one more wood
2) much woods
3) many woods
4) a piece of wood
Answer: 4
13. Fifty years ago, we needed _____ than we do today.
1) less mathematic
2) less mathematics
3) fewer mathematics
4) fewer mathematic
Answer: 2
14. All the food in the refrigerator _____ eaten, and it is empty now.
1) is been
2) has been
3) have been
4) had been
Answer: 2
15. Economics _____ nearly as interesting to me as literature.
1) doesn't
2) haven't
3) isn't
4) aren't
Answer: 3
16. There is some disagreement between my parents and _____ about which job I should take.
1) I
2) we
3) me
4) us
Answer: 3
17. A basket of apples, oranges, and bananas _____ sent to my husband by his grandparents last Christmas.
1) has been
2) have been
3) was
4) were
Answer: 3
18. That the committee members could not agree with each other about solving that problem _____ caused a serious problem.
1) is
2) was
3) has
4) have
Answer: 3
19. Every state in the United States makes _____ own laws about education, marriage, divorce, and so on.
1) their
2) his/her
3) its
4) his
Answer: 3
20. My husband and I went to Montreal last May and greedily _____ many lobsters because they were very cheap.
1) eat
2) ate
3) have eaten
4) had eaten
Answer: 2
21. My husband and I went to Montreal last May and greedily _____ many lobsters because they were very cheap.
1) eat
2) ate
3) have eaten
4) had eaten
Answer: 2
22. Mary and Tom lived in San Francisco, but they _____ to Detroit.
1) will just move
2) are just moved
3) have just moved
4) had just moved
Answer: 3
23. I was very sick, but I've been feeling better since I _____ the doctor.
1) have visited
2) visit
3) had visited
4) visited
Answer: 4
24. I _____ for Quick Business Company for ten years in May.
1) will have worked
2) was working
3) will work
4) has worked
Answer: 1
25. _____ a lot before you took the exam which many people failed?
1) Have you studied
2) Will you have studied
3) Had you studied
4) Do you study
Answer: 3
26. I _____ eagerly to go to Yellowstone, but my wife got sick three days before the departure.
1) have been planning
2) had been planning
3) have planned
4) was planned
Answer: 2
27. Those two pictures hanging on the gallery wall _____ in France, and they are very well known.
1) were painted
2) were paint
3) painted
4) were painting
Answer: 1
28. Since I did not feel good, I wanted very much _____ the doctor, but it was not possible.
1) to see
2) to be seen
3) seeing
4) being seen
Answer: 1
29. The former newspaper boy _____ to a new neighborhood to work.
1) has sent
2) was send
3) was sent
4) sent
Answer:3
30. Nancy's dress is really beautiful. I hear that it _____ especially for her by a French designer.
1) made
2) has made
3) is made
4) was made
Answer: 4
31. Martin Luther King was _____ committed to guaranteeing the rights of blacks.
1) deep
2) deeply
3) hard
4) hardly
Answer: 2
32. Many advertisements claim that now contact lenses made of soft plastic are _____, comfortable, and easy to use.
1) safe
2) safety
3) safely
4) unsafe
Answer: 1
33. "Ansel Adams was really a great photographer."
"Yes, I think he was the most _____ nature photographer the US has ever produced."
1) skill
2) skillfully
3) skillful
4) skilling
Answer: 1
34. I am thirsty. May I have something _____ to drink?
1) cold
2) coldness
3) coldest
4) coldly
Answer: 1
35. You can stay here _____ you like.
1) as long as
2) as much as
3) as far as
4) so far as
Answer: 1
36. High taxes placed on _____ goods by the British sparked the American Revolution..
1) imported
2) importation
3) import
4) importationed
Answer: 1
37. Baseball gloves made for _____ use are costly because of their fine workmanship.
1) profession
2) professionally
3) professional
4) professioned
Answer: 3
38. That _____ film deals with workers in China.
1) document
2) documentary
3) documental
4) documentally
Answer: 2
39. The US Constitution guarantees _____ under the law.
1) equalness
2) equally
3) equal
4) equality
Answer: 4
40. The weather for tomorrow will be chilly, clear, and _____.
1) wind
2) windily
3) hard wind
4) windy
Answer: 4
41. It is important for children to feel acceptance, _____ and love from their parents.
1) security
2) securely
3) secure
4) securitiness
Answer: 1
42. Hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico have caused considerable _____ to coastal cities in Texas.
1) damages
2) many damages
3) damage
4) much damage
Answer: 3
43. Employers look for _____ when interviewing perspective employees.
1) dependability
2) dependableness
3) dependence
4) dependable
Answer: 3
44. Managers agree that they are interested in potential workers who are responsible, hardworking and _____.
1) confident
2) confidently
3) confidence
4) confidentless
Answer: 3
45. George Washington has been described as _____, persistent, and outspoken.
1) courage
2) courageously
3) courageous
4) courageousness
Answer: 3
46. "Do you think that your daughter will take the job she was offered?"
"I don't know. She seemed _____ in it, but..."
1) interest
2) interesting
3) interested
4) interestingly
Answer: 3
47. ""I was _____ that Mary couldn't come to the party with us last night."
"Her boss made her work overtime."
1) disappoint
2) disappointed
3) disappointing
4) disappointedly
Answer: 2
48. "What a terrible baseball game!"
"I thought it was _____."
1) delight
2) delighting
3) delightful
4) delighted
Answer: 3
49. "How _____ we are to hear that you received a prize."
"Thank you. It was really a surprise."
1) please
2) pleasing
3) pleasingly
4) pleased
Answer: 3
50. "Professor Miller's class is the worst that I have ever taken."
"Yes, I think it's _____."
1) boring
2) boringly
3) bored
4) boredly
Answer: 3
51. "You look nervous."
"This thunder makes me _____."
1) scare
2) scaring
3) scary
4) scared
Answer: 3
52. There are _____ statistics about the traffic accidents.
1) frighten
2) frightening
3) frightened
4) fright
Answer: 2
53. Charlie Chaplin was well known for the _____ characters he portrayed.
1) amuse
2) amused
3) amusing
4) amusingly
Answer: 3
54. Michael Jackson is described as an _____ young singer.
1) excite
2) exciting
3) excited
4) excitingly
Answer: 2
55. I'm worried _____ the entrance examination.
1. about failing
2. with failing
3. to fail
4. to failure
Answer: 2
56. Many parents look forward _____ their children when they are away from home.
1. to see
2. to seeing
3. with seeing
4. of seeing
Answer: 2
57. Who is responsible _____ dishes--the husband or the wife?
1. for doing
2. for do
3. with doing
4. to do
Answer: 1
58. "Why did you decide to go back to school?"
"I was tired _____ as a secretary."
1. to work
2. for work
3. of working
4. or working
Answer: 3
59. _____ at the train station will surprise your mother.
1. You are
2. You being
3. You to be
4. Your being
Answer: 4
60. "How do I start the engine?"
"_____ the button on the right."
1. To push
2. From pushing
3. By pushing
4. You pushing
Answer: 3
at 3:19 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Wednesday, December 19, 2007
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) - General Questions Sample paper
1. When did Mary _____ college?
1) graduate
2) graduate from
3) graduating
4) graduating from
Answer:2
Hint: "Graduate," in this context, is used with "from." A question with "did" does not take the -ing form of the verb.
2. You look pale. You had better _____ a doctor.
1) consult
2) consult to
3) consult with
4) consult by
Answer: 1
Hint:Consult is a transitive verb, so it is not used with a preposition.
3. New York is a large city, _____?.
1) aren't it
2) doesn't it
3) won't it
4) isn't it
Answer: 4
Hint: A tag question uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence.
If the main part is positive, the negative form is used;
if it is negative, the positive form is used in the tag.
4. Japanese houses are made of wood, so they easily _____.
1) catch to fire
2) catch the fire
3) catch on fire
4) catch with fire
Answer: 3
Hint: This means "start burning," using "catch" in an idiomatic expression.
5. Do you enjoy _____?.
1) to hike
2) hiking
3) hike
4) to hiking
Answer: 2
Hint: "To" is not usually followed by -ing forms. "Enjoy" takes a gerund.
6. Mary has trouble _____.
1) to remember her homework
2) to remembering her homework
3) remember her homework
4) remembering her homework
Answer: 4
Hint: An infinitive means the future in this context. "To" is not followed by -ing forms. Since "has" is the verb here, another verb is not used.
7. Do you have _____ to do this afternoon? If not, I'd like to take you to a movie.
1) many work
2) much work
3) many works
4) much works
Answer: 2
Hint: "Many" is not used with an uncountable noun. "Work" is an uncountable noun.
8. Our friends will _____ for two nights.
1) provide us up
2) provide us in
3) put us up
4) put us in
Answer: 3
Hint: This sentence means that our friends will let us stay with them for two nights. "Provide" is not used in this context. Which idiom is used in this context?
9. When will the conference _____?
1) hold on
2) hold place
3) take on
4) take place
Answer: 4
Hint: This means when the conference will be held. This sentence is an active form. Which idiom is used in this context?
10. The meeting was held _____.
1) at Tuesday
2) on Tuesday
3) with Tuesday
4) in Tuesday
Answer: 2
Hint: The preposition "at" is used with 3 o'clock, and "in" with October. What preposition is used with a day of the week?
11. Why don't you _____ us ?.
1) go to the party with
2) go together the party with
3) go the party with
4) together the party with
Answer: 1
Hint: "Go" needs "to" before the destination. A sentence needs at least one verb, and "together" is not a verb.
12. That accident occurred _____.
1) before three weeks
2) three weeks before
3) three weeks ago
4) three weeks past
Answer: 3
Hint: "Before" or "ago" is used with a past event. Which is used when the present time is the starting point?
13. Many people like my plan. Will you _____ it ?.
1) agree with
2) agree to
3) agree
4) agree about
Answer: 2
Hint: "Agree" is not a transitive verb and needs a preposition. "With" is used when referring to a person.
14. The minister _____ a member of the church who was ill.
1) called to the house of
2) called on the house of
3) called to
4) called on
Answer: 4
Hint: This sentence states that the minister visited the church member. In English, we say that we visit a person rather than a house. Which idiom is used to mean "visit?"
15. Tomorrow is Mary's birthday. Let's _____ it.
1) celebrate
2) praise
3) honor
4) congratulate
Answer: 1
Hint: Some verbs are used with people; others are used for occasions. Which of these words would we use for a birthday?
16. If you don't understand, don't hesitate _____.
1) ask a question
2) to ask a question
3) asking a question
4) to asking a question
Answer: 2
Hint: Since "hesitate" is the verb in this sentence, there should not be another verb. "To" is not followed by -ing forms.
17. It's snowing. Would you like to _____ this weekend?.
1) skiing
2) go to ski
3) go skiing
4) go ski
Answer: 3
Hint: "Go" is used with the "-ing" form, the root form, and "to." "To" is not followed by -ing forms. Which idiom means going somewhere for the purpose of skiing?
18. Our company didn't pay _____ for that advertisement.
1) much funds
2) many funds
3) many money
4) much money
Answer: 4
Hint: "Funds" is used for money saved for a certain purpose. Is "money" countable or uncountable?
19. Do you feel like _____ now?.
1) dancing
2) to dance
3) dance
4) to go dancing
Answer: 1
Hint: The main verb of this sentence is "feel."
20. Tom was happy to be _____ such a famous person.
1) introduced
2) introduced at
3) introduced with
4) introduced to
Answer: 1
Hint: "Introduce" takes a direct object and indirect object. I'd like to introduce you to Mary.
21. "We will order merchandise now." "But payment should be made _____."
1) for advance
2) advancing
3) in advance
4) to advance
Answer: 3
Hint: What is the idiomatic expression for "prior?"
22. "Where do you live now?" "I live in Kansas City; my _____."
1) parents too do
2) parents do
3) parents do, too
4) parents also do
Answer: 3
Hint: The speaker's parents live in Kansas City, the same town that the speaker lives in. This is an affirmative sentence. Think about which word is used where.
23. I cannot hear every word in her lecture. I wish she would _____.
1) speak clearer
2) clearer speak
3) more clearly speak
4) speak more clearly
Answer: 4
Hint: "Clear" cannot modify "speak." You can say "Speak clearly" but not "Clearly speak."
24. Why do you walk so fast?, "I'm _____."
1) must be hurry
2) in hurry
3) in a hurry
4) hurrying
Answer: 3
Hint: "Am" and "must" are not used together. What is an idiomatic expression meaning "to hurry?"
25. We have a large selection of men's clothes for sale. We _____ many women's clothes in stock.
1) also have
2) have too
3) too have
4) have further
Answer: 1
Hint: This means that the store has many women's clothes for sale, too. What could you use with "have" in this context?
26. This is our new library. _____ like it?.
1) How do you
2) How
3) What you
4) What do you
Answer: 1
Hint: This is a question. The speaker is asking you whether you like the new library.
27. I have to go now. I have _____ the dentist.
1) appointments to
2) an appointment to
3) appointment with
4) an appointment with
Answer: 4
Hint: You can make many appointments, but you make one appointment each time. What preposition is used with "appointment?"
28. We can meet at Grand Central Station. Will _____?
1) convenient for you
2) that convenient
3) that be convenient
4) you be convenient
Answer: 3
Hint: "Will" needs a verb. The speaker is asking whether this arrangement is convenient for you.
29. This store does not have any oranges today. It _____ tomorrow.
1) have any
2) may have any
3) have some
4) may have some
Answer: 4
Hint: The speaker is not sure whether the store will have oranges tomorrow. "Some" is used when the meaning is positive, and "any" is used when it is negative.
30. She doesn't want anything alcoholic now. She would rather _____ a soft drink.
1) have
2) to have
3) prefer
4) prefer to have
Answer: 1
Hint: "Would" is used with a verb. She prefers soft drinks to liquor.
31. I have heard your views on the tax reform. Let me _____.
1) express my opinion
2) express my viewing
3) make my views
4) make my opinion
Answer: 1
32. When are these assignments due?"
"The professor told us that they must be turned in _____."
1) by Friday
2) until Friday
3) Friday before
4) Friday beginning
Answer: 1
Hint: This means anytime before the end of the day on Friday.
33. They are visiting the Rockies. I hear the Rockies have _____.
1) beautiful scenery that is much
2) many beautiful landscapes
3) many beautiful sceneries
4) much beautiful scenery
Answer: 4
Hint: "Scenery" and "landscape" are, in this context, uncountable.
34. "Where is ABC Store?"
"It is _____ the apartment house."
1) before
2) ahead of
3) in front of
4) preceding
Answer: 3
Hint: S ABC Store is facing the front of the apartment house.
35. "Most ski resorts are crowded. There are many people _____ skiing.
1) enjoy
2) that enjoying
3) who enjoy
4) who enjoying
Answer: 3
Hint: The main verb of the second sentence is "are.
36.It is already nine o'clock. Can you _____ time to catch the train? 1) have enough
2) have it in
3) make in
4) make it in
Answer: 4
Hint: The speaker wants to know if the hearer will arrive at the station in time to catch the train.
37.Tom went to see the optician. He wants to have his glasses _____.
1) fit
2) fitted
3) fit on
4) fitted on
Answer: 2
Hint: "Have (something)" with a past participle is used to mean "get someone to do something. For example, he wants to have his toys fixed. Opticians fit glasses.
38.Mary's house is _____ the post office. Do you think you can find it easily?
1) along
2) near to
3) against
4) next to
Answer: 4
Hint: This means that Mary's house is beside the post office.
39.The rope was catching fire. Nancy let _____ just in time.
1) alone it
2) go alone it
3) go it
4) go of it
Answer: 4
Hint: "Let" takes an infinitive without "to," and "go" cannot take an object.
40.It costs 100 dollars. Do we have _____ money?
1) a lot of
2) plentiful
3) plenty of
4) enough
Answer: 4
Hint: In this case, the speaker is not asking whether there is much money, but whether there is more than 100 dollars.
41.I need some physical exercise. I decided _____ golf.
1) to begin
2) to commence
3) to take up
4) to start up
Answer: 3
Hint: The speaker has decided to learn to play golf.
42."Would you like to go to a movie or a play?"
"It _____ to me."
1) makes no difference
2) makes not a difference
3) is indifferent
4) is not a difference
Answer: 1
Hint: The second speaker means that it does not matter whether they go to a movie or a play.
43.We were hiking in the mountains all day today. Therefore, we are _____.
1) wear out
2) outworn
3) weary out
4) worn out
Answer: 4
Hint: This is an idiom meaning "tired."
44. Were there many people waiting in line at the stadium?"
"Yes, I saw _____."
1) quite a few
2) quite much
3) quite many
4) quite some
Answer: 1
Hint: Only certain words can follow "quite."
45. Tom and Mary have not come yet. I think we should _____ them.
1) await for
2) wait for
3) await on
4) wait on
Answer: 2
Hint: This means that we should stay until they come, not that we should serve them.
46. When I woke up, everything was _____ snow.
1) covered
2) covered by
3) covered with
4) covering
Answer: 3
Hint: This means that snow covered everything. Does "cover" take nothing, "by," or "with" in the passive voice?
47. Do earthquakes _____ often in the United States?
1) break
2) break out
3) happen to
4) occur
Answer: 4
Hint: This is asking whether they often have earthquakes in the United States.
48. We had better _____ soon.
1) leave
2) leaving
3) to leave
4) to leaving
Answer: 1
Hint: What form of the verb follows "had better?"
49. A large crowd _____ in front of the station.
1) gathering
2) to gather
3) had gathered
4) had gathering
Answer: 3
Hint: This Sentence needs a Verb
50. In the winter, accidents occur quite _____ in the mountains.
1) frequently
2) many
3) much
4) a few
Answer: 1
Hint: This means that accidents occur often in the mountains in the winter.
51. Do you want to _____ to the United States?
1) trip
2) voyage
3) travel
4) went
Answer: 3
Hint: What follows "want to?"
52. Most people have a feeling _____.
1) responsible
2) responsibility
3) of responsibility
4) to be responsible
Answer: 3
Hint: This means that most people are concerned about doing the right thing.
53. This movie theater can hold ______.
1) much audience
2) a large audience
3) much audiences
4) many audiences
Answer: 2
Hint: "Audience" refers to a group of people, not individual people.
54. When the forests _____ , there can be forest fires.
1) become dry
2) becoming dry
3) become drying
4) drying
Answer: 1
Hint: There should be a verb in a clause.
55. "What kind of work are you doing here?" , "I'm _____ as an accountant."
1) worked
2) occupied
3) hired
4) employed
Answer: 4
Hint: This means that he/she is working as an accountant.
56."I don't want to buy anything in this store, do you?"
"Yes, I'd like to buy _____"
1) pencil
2) much pencils
3) any pencils
4) some pencils
Answer: 4
Hint: "Pencil" is a countable noun. You need to indicate
57.The rainy season is over, and the weather is nice. We can _____ sports.
1) do
2) have
3) play
4) enjoy
Answer: 4
Hint: Which verb can be used with "sports?"
58.It is the height of the tourist season now. _____ the rooms in the hotels are reserved.
1) Almost
2) Almost of
3) Almost all of
4) Most of all
Answer: 3
Hint: This means that most rooms, but not all rooms, in the hotels are reserved.
59."Where did you work before?"
"I worked only ten yards _____ railroad track."
1) from
2) from the
3) near
4) away
Answer: 2
Hint: This means that the railroad tracks were only ten yards from where the second speaker worked.
60."I don't think it will rain today, do you?"
"No, I _____ so."
1) think not
2) not think
3) don't think
4) do think not
Answer: 3
Hint: In English, even if the form of a question is changed, the answer is the same.
61. He coughs a lot. I have advised him _____ smoking.
1) give up
2) giving up
3) to give up
4) to giving up
Answer: 3
Hint: "Advised" is the main verb in the second sentence. Does it take an infinitive (to + verb) or the -ing form of the verb?
62. "What would you like to do this summer?" , "I'd like to _____ swimming every day."
1) do
2) enjoyed
3) play
4) go
Answer: 4
Hint: This is an idiomatic expression.
63. We will have an examination next week. It is necessary _____.
1) study hard
2) to study hard
3) hard study
4) to hard study
Answer: 2
Hint: Which sounds correct, "I study hard" or "I hard study?" The main verb of the second sentence is "is."
64. They open the door at noon. Some people are already _____.
1) in line to wait
2) in line waiting
3) line in waiting
4) waiting in line
Answer: 4
Hint: This means that some people are in the line already.
65. The audience cheered after the curtain went down. The performance _____.
1) succeed
2) successful
3) was success
4) was a success
Answer: 4
Hint: The second sentence needs a verb.
66. "When you visited Jack, did you find his house easily?"
"No, I had _____ finding it."
1) quite time
2) a quite time
3) a time quite
4) quite a time
Answer: 4
Hint: This is an idiom that means "had difficulty."
67. "Guess who I _____ yesterday. I saw Mr. White at the bank."
1) into run
2) into ran
3) ran into
4) run into
Answer: 3
Hint: The speaker is talking about someone he/she happened to see yesterday. This is a two-word verb.
68. The next train will arrive _____.
1) three o'clock
2) at three o'clock
3) on three o'clock
4) in three o'clock
Answer: 2
Hint: in 1988, in December, on Thursday, _____ one o'clock
69. "Many of your students were studying hard in the library."
"They are _____ have an examination today."
1) supposed
2) supposing
3) supposed to
4) supposing to
Answer: 3
Hint: "Are" is the main verb in this sentence.
70. "Why are you walking so fast?"
"I have _____ with my doctor."
1) an appointment
2) a pledge
3) a promise
4) a contract
Answer: 1
Hint: What do you make when you want to see your doctor, dentist, etc.?
71. "Let's _____ a movie tomorrow."
"Yes, let's."
1) take in
2) take into
3) take to
4) taking
Answer: 1
Hint: What form of the verb comes after "let's?" This is an idiomatic expression.
72. I will stay in the Atlantic Hotel in New York. Why don't you _____?
1) visits
2) visit in
3) drop in
4) call in
Answer: 3
Hint: This is a suggestion that the hearer come see the speaker at the hotel. This is an idiomatic expression.
73. We will serve dinner to our guests soon. We had better ____ now.
1) have table set
2) set table
3) setting table
4) set the table
Answer: 4
Hint: This means "put the dishes on the table." This is an idiomatic expression.
74. "I don't think Tom did it intentionally."
"Yes, I think he did it _____."
1) at purpose
2) for purpose
3) in purpose
4) on purpose
>
Answer: 4
Hint: This is an idiomatic expression which means "intentionally.".
75. How are you _____ these days? I hope you are doing well.
1) get along
2) get to along
3) getting along
4) to getting along
Answer: 3
Hint: This is an idiomatic expression that asks how you are doing. Pay attention to "are."
at 6:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
GRE Questions With Answers
GRE Exam 1
GRE Exam 2
GRE Exam 3
GRE Exam 4
GRE Exam 5
GRE Exam 6
GRE Exam 7
GRE Exam 8
GRE Exam 9
GRE Exam 10
at 5:50 AM 0 comments Links to this post
GRE Antonym Questions
1) METTLE:
(A) adhoc
(B) perdition
(C) woe
(D) trepidation
(E) apathy
Answer: D is correct. Mettle means character or courage. The opposite is trepidation, which means fear.
2) ABRIDGE:
(A) distend
(B) assail
(C) unfetter
(D) enfeeble
(E) prove
Answer: A is correct. Abridge means to shorten. The opposite is distend, which means to swell or protrude.
3) FANATICISM:
(A) delusion
(B) fascism
(C) remorse
(D) cynicism
(E) indifference
Answer: E is correct. Fanaticism means overenthusiastic. The opposite is indifferent.
4) MUTABILITY:
(A) simplicity
(B) apprehension
(C) frailty
(D) maverick
(E) tenacity
Answer: E is correct. Mutability means changing. Tenacity is the opposite.
5) INEXORABLE:
(A) surrepitious
(B) tractable
(C) jaded
(D) ionoclast
(E) garish
Answer: B is correct. Inexorable means rigid or uncompromising. The opposite is tractable, or yielding.
6) UNCOUTH:
(A) urbane
(B) travail
(C) sentient
(D) prevaricate
(E) maladroit
Answer: A is correct. Uncouth means crude. The opposite is urbane, or sophisticated.
7) VOCIFERATE:
(A) turgid
(B) listen
(C) resurgent
(D) rapacity
(E) vilify
Answer: B is correct. Vociferate means to shout. The opposite is to listen or be silent.
8) DISPERSE:
(A) account for
(B) gather up
(C) apply to
(D) concentrate on
(E) take apart
Answer: B is correct. Disperse means to scatter. The opposite is to gather up.
9) VENERATE:
(A) detest
(B) disrespect
(C) renew
(D) uncover
(E) deserve
Answer: B is correct. Disperse means to scatter. The opposite is to gather up.
10) OBLIVIOUS:
(A) visible
(B) subtle
(C) active
(D) intelligent
(E) mindful
Answer: B is correct. Oblivious means unaware. The opposite is mindful.
at 5:35 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Tuesday, December 18, 2007
detail distance/correspondence courses in Law in India
In most Universities, the Centre for Open Education provides for lifelong, flexible and accessible learning of various subjects including Law. For several working professionals who would like to enhance their career prospects, a distance education in Law is an excellent prospect. Armed with a degree in Law, the person is well equipped with concrete skills to run a business or fight crime or work for the welfare of society, depending upon his area of interest.
A Degree in Law in available in several domains such as:
Civic Law
Criminal Law
Administration
Cyber Laws and Intellectual Property Rights
Trade Law
Business Law
Medical law and Ethics
Human Rights Law
Environmental Law etc.
Women and Law
Consumer Protection Law
Local Self-Government Law
Labour Law etc.
Distance Learning Law Schools – an overview
The onset of rapid economic development and fast paced growth has induced the need of higher Education so much that today a qualification even through Distance Education is recognized worldwide, provided the student selects the correct University. How does one go about selecting the correct University? For starters, the University should be recognized by a credible Institution such as UGC (University Grants’ Commission) or the AICTE. A student must, in fact, ensure that the University that he / she aim to apply in is accredited.
Some of the best Centers for Distance Education in Law are as follows:
Indira Gandhi National Open University (Delih),
Annamalai University (Tamil Nadu),
National Law School of India University (Bangalore),
The Dr. Ambedkar Law University (TN),
Kakatiya University (Warangal),
Kurukshetra University (Haryana),
Madurai Kamraj University (Madurai),
Mahatma Gandhi University (Kottayam),
SNDT Women’s University (Mumbai) etc
offer different types of courses in Law through Distance Education.
Role of the Distance Education Centre
The Education Centre of Distance Learning Law Schools is responsible for dissemination of the entire course material including audio tapes, notes via e-mail, lecture (if any) schedules, assignments etc. Some Universities distribute a Handbook especially to external students. Some Universities have a flexible attendance pattern so as not to inundate participants with extra load.
Career prospects
An extra qualification in Law is always a huge asset for career growth. E.g. a professional having a P.G. degree in Human Rights plus a Degree in Human Rights Law has immense scope in Many international organisations(UNESCO, UNIFEM, UNESCO etc) or NGOs ( YMCA, CRY, Red Cross etc) more than welcome a candidate like this. One can also volunteer and work in labour courts and counsel the Government on Legislative matters and issues for Women Rights, Youth issue, Street children and so on.
Bachelor Courses
Course Name: University Details
Bachelor Of Academic Law (BAL)
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, (Tamil Nadu),Bachelor Of Academic Law (BAL)-Duration: 3 year Eligibility:Graduation
Bachelor Of General Law (BGL)
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, (Tamil Nadu),Bachelor Of General Law (BGL)-Duration:2 year Eligibility:Graduation
Kakatiya University, Warangal, (Andhra Pradesh),Bachelor Of General Law (BGL)-Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Bachelor's degree
Madurai Kamaraj University, Directorate Of Distance Education, Madurai, (Tamil Nadu),Bachelor Of General Law (BGL)-Duration:2 years Eligibility: Bachelor's degree
Master Courses
Course Name: University Details
LLM Kakatiya University, Warangal, (Andhra Pradesh),LLM-Duration:3 year Eligibility:LLb with 45% aggregate marks
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, (Haryana),LLM-Duration: 2 year Eligibility: LLB (Professional) with 50% marks
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, (Kerala),LLM-Duration: 3 years Eligibility: Bachelor's of Law degree with 45% marks
Master Of Business Law (MBL)
National Law School Of India University, Bangalore, (Karnataka),Master Of Business Law (MBL)-Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Graduation
Master Of International Environmental Laws Indian Institute Of Ecology & Environment, New Delhi, (Delhi),Master Of International Environmental Laws-Duration: 2 years Eligibility:Graduation
Master Of Law (ML)
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, (Tamil Nadu),Master Of Law (ML)-Duration:3 year Eligibility:BL or any equivalent degree
Post Graduate Courses
Course Name: University Details
Post Graduate Diploma In Labour Law Bangalore University, Bangalore, (Karnataka),Post Graduate Diploma In Labour Law-Duration:1 year Eligibility:Graduation
Post Graduate Diploma In Consumer Protection Law Kakatiya University, Warangal, (Andhra Pradesh),Post Graduate Diploma In Consumer Protection Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Post Graduate Diploma In Human Rights Law National Law School Of India University, Bangalore, (Karnataka),Post Graduate Diploma In Human Rights Law-Duration:1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Post Graduate Diploma In Law & Public Services Kakatiya University, Warangal, (Andhra Pradesh),Post Graduate Diploma In Law & Public Services-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Post Graduate Diploma In Taxation Law
Bangalore University, Bangalore, (Karnataka),Post Graduate Diploma In Taxation Law-Duration:1 year Eligibility:Graduation
Diploma Courses
Course Name: University Details
Diploma In Accidents Compensation Law Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, (Kerala),Diploma In Accidents Compensation Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Consumer Protection Law Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, (Kerala),Diploma In Consumer Protection Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Criminal Law Including Evidence University Of Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Criminal Law Including Evidence-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Indian Constitutional Law University Of Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Indian Constitutional Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Insurance Law Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar, (Haryana),Diploma In Insurance Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
University Of Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Insurance Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Labour Law Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Labour Law-Duration: 3 year Eligibility: HSC/10+2
Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar, (Haryana),Diploma In Labour Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
University Of Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Labour Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Labour Laws With Administrative Law
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Labour Laws With Administrative Law-Duration:1 year Eligibility:Graduation
Diploma In Law Of Taxation Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Law Of Taxation-Duration:1 year Eligibility:Graduation
Indian Institute Of Taxation, Pattom, Trivandrum, (Kerala),Diploma In Law Of Taxation-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Local Self Government Law Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, (Kerala),Diploma In Local Self Government Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
Diploma In Mercantile Law University Of Madras, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu),Diploma In Mercantile Law-Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Graduation
at 11:21 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Sentence Completion in GRE
The Verbal section of the GRE will contain approximately 6 sentence completion questions. Each includes a sentence with either one or two blanks. You must select the correct word (or pair of words) to best complete the sentence. The sentences are not biased toward any particular field of study and you will NOT need any specific knowledge of the subject being discussed. Sentence completion questions are intentionally structured to provide all the clues you need to identify the missing word(s).
The directions for the section are:
Directions: Each of the following questions begins with a sentence that has either one or two blanks. The blanks indicate that a piece of the sentence is missing. Each sentence is followed by five answer choices that consist of words or phrases. Select the answer choice thatcompletes the sentence best.
Example:
After a hectic week in the city, as a relief from ______ pressures, Carrie plans to _____ on her long weekend.
(A) inveterate -- pique
(B) urban -- rusticate
(C) pent -- prate
(D) neolithic -- venerate
(E) laconic -- slake
Solution: Choice B is correct. The key word "city" indicates that the first word must relate to urban life. The trigger for the second word is long weekend. We know that Carrie wants to get away from the city, making "rusticate" a good choice.
Example:
After surgery for my knee injury, my doctor gave me painkillers that made me _____ and _____.
(A) articulate -- copious
(B) doltish -- overt
(C) autocratic -- congruent
(D) torpid -- phlegmatic
(E) ludicrous -- remiss
Solution: The first key word in this is "pain killers", which are known to induce drowsiness. The second key word is "and", indicating that the two words we seek are synonyms.
Tips & Strategies for Sentence Completion Questions
1) Identify the crucial clues in the sentence. These sentences are never vague; each will include adjectives or descriptive terms that indicate the meaning of the missing word.
2) Look for what is directly implied or stated by the sentence. Each presents a complete thought and the missing words support that thought.
3) Look for structural words that will help you find the right answer:
a) If the second part of the sentence supports or elaborates on the first part, it will invariably include words like: and, similarly, in addition, since, also, thus, because, likewise, consequently
b) If the second part of the sentece deviates or contradicts the first part, it will inevitably include words like: but, despite, yet, however, unless, rather, although, while, nevertheless
In statements with two blanks, these structural words help to determine whether the two words are synonyms or antonyms. Use the relationship between the two words ro help select the correct answer choice.
4) Quickly eliminate choices that are not grammatically correct.
5) Always check all five answer choices. Sometimes more than one choice will theoretically "fit" the sentence, but one fits better than the others. Your job is to identify the BEST choice.
6) Don't be intimidated by odd or unusal words. The sentence completion questions aren't designed to test vocabulary, yet they will often contain somewhat difficult words. Rely on the content of the sentence to determine their meaning. In nearly all problems, the definition of the word is given or strongly implied in the sentence. In sentences with two blanks, you will usually know the meaning of at least one of the two words in each answer choice. This is usually enough to help you accept or reject the answer choice.
7) If a sentence is long, meandering or otherwise complex, paraphrase it to get the gist. Consider the author's tone or attitude. Then, search the answer choices for the correct words.
8) Always read your choice back into the original sentence to verify that it makes sense.
9) Always work with the easier blank first. Often, you can eliminate one or two answer choices simply because the "easy" word in the pair doesn't fit.
10) If you can't predict an answer, quickly plug the five answer choices into the sentence. Many times, you can eliminate a few choices that don't "sound correct" in context.
1) Many medical experts believe that the origin of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is _____, while others believe it is ______.
(A) contiguous -- environmental
(B) congenital --- environmental
(C) congenital -- deleterious
(D) contagious -- pathological
(E) exogenous -- celestial
Answer: Choice B is correct. We know from the context of the sentence that we are seeking opposite words relating to the origin of a diease.
2) The fourth grade teacher taught her students to ______ thoroughly when eating to enable proper _______.
(A) rankle -- temerity
(B) mitigate -- digestion
(C) transmute -- veneration
(D) query -- progeny
(E) masticate -- digestion
Answer: Choice E is correct. Mastication is the same as chewing, which enables digestion.
3) The state attorney began his lecture by explaining that ______ is a phase of the study of ______.
(A) nihilism -- gynecology
(B) hypertension -- etymology
(C) recidivism -- criminology
(D) altruism -- paleontology
(E) hallucination -- chivalry
Answer: Choice C is correct. Recidivism, or repeating an offense, is a common problem in criminology.
4) The students _______ until there was no choice but to ______ a desperate, last-minute solution.
(A) berated -- try
(B) delayed -- envision
(C) procrastinated -- implement
(D) debated -- maintain
(E) filibustered -- reject
Answer: Choice C is correct. While all of the answer choices fit the blanks, Choice c is best. The clues in the sentence are "last-minute" and "desperate".
5) Working with an unbelievably _______ budget and an impossible schedule, the wedding planner somehow arranged an event that _________ the guests with its beauty and style.
(A) low -- disappointed
(B) inflated -- distracted
(C) uneven -- amused
(D) disproportionate -- appalled
(E) inadequate -- surprised
Answer: Choice E is correct. The clues in the sentence are "unbelievable" and "impossible". We know the first word must be negative. We also know from the words "somehow", "beauty" and "style" that the second word is positive.
6) Because members of the ______ family are ______, farmers must grow grass.
(A) bovine -- herbivorous
(B) anthropoid -- adamant
(C) conduit -- nocturnal
(D) incarnadine -- nocturnal
(E) heretic -- herbivorous
Answer:Choice A is correct. The key words are "grass" and "farmers", indicating that the correct words are animals that eat grass.
7) When the law clerk got his first job, his novice ______ led to an embarrassing ______.
(A) collusion -- consanguinity
(B) synthesis -- cordovan
(C) colophon -- temerity
(D) ineptitude -- imbroglio
(E) chauvinism
Answer:Choice D is correct. The key words "novice" and "embarrassing" mean our correct words are both negative. The best choice is D, as the first wrd relates to newness and inexperience.
8) Because of her ______ nature, the scientist avoided any job that she feared might be a travail.
(A) impudent
(B) insolent
(C) eminent
(D) indolent
(E) imminent
Answer:Choice B is correct. The correct word means the opposite of "travail", which is lazy.
9) Whenever I see Wade's long face, I know that he is feeling ______ and ______.
(A) scintillating -- verbose
(B) quiescent -- succint
(C) lugubrious -- lachrymose
(D) reviled -- providential
(E) providential -- rubicund
Answer:Choice C is correct. The correct words are synonyms for sad and tearful.
10) Psychologists insist that all people, even the most _____ and ______ , have varying degrees of extreme emotions.
(A) brackish --- mature
(B) sylvan -- intellectual
(C) celestial -- civilized
(D) beneficent -- stable
(E) defunct - healthy
Answer:Choice D is correct. From the word "even", the correct terms must be the opposite of "extreme
at 12:56 AM 0 comments Links to this post
GRE Maths Questions
1) If both x and y are prime numbers, which of the following CANNOT be the difference of x and y?
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 9
(D) 15
(E) 23
Answer: Choice E is correct. This problem is solved fastest by process of elimination. Both 2 and 3 are prime and their difference is one (Eliminate Choice A). Both 5 and 2 are prime and their difference is 3 (Eliminate Choice B). Both 11 and 2 are prime and their difference is 9 (Eliminate C). Both 17 and 2 are prime and their difference is 15 (Eliminate D).
2) Car X and Car Y are five miles apart and are on a collision course. Car X is driving directly north and Car Y is driving directly east. If the point of impact is one mile closer to the current position of Car X than to the current position of Car Y, how many miles away from the point of impact is Car Y at this time?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5
Answer: Choice D is correct. This problem can be solved by using the Pythagorean theorem as Cars X and Y are 5 miles apart, which is the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Let d be the distance Car Y is from the point of collision. Then the distance Car X is from the collision is d-1. Solving for D: dd + (d-1)(d-1) = 25, d=4, -3. Since d denotes distance, we reject -3 as a valid answer.
3) In the diagram above, AD = BE = 6 and CD = 3(BC). If AE = 8, then BC = ?
(A) 6
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 2
(E) 1
Answer: Choice E is correct. Since AE is a line segment and all the lengths are additive, AE = AD + DE. We know that AD = 6 and AE = 8. So DE = AE - AD = 8 - 6 = 2. We also know that BE = 6. So BD = BE - DE = 6 - 2 = 4. We know BD is 4, but need to find BC.
Since CD = 3(BC), we can solve for BC: x + 3x = 4. x = 1.
4) If the length of rectangle A is one-half the length of rectangle B, and the width of rectangle A is one-half the width of rectangle B, what is the ratio of the area of rectangle A to the area of rectangle B?
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/2
(C) 1/1
(D) 2/1
(E) 4/1
Answer: Choice A is correct. This problem includes a common mistake: the ratio of areas is NOT the same as the ratio of lengths. Instead, the ratio of areas for similar polygons is equal to the square of the lengths of the lengths. If we use 4 and 2 as the length and width for rectangle A, its area is 8. Rectangle B would have an area of (8)(4) = 32, four times that of A.
5) If the area of a rectangle is 12, what is its perimeter?
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 14
(D) 16
(E) It cannot be determined from the information given.
Answer: Choice E is correct. The area of a rectangle does not tell us much about the perimeter. We can try substituting values for it, but more than one perimeter is possible based on the information given.
6) A cube and a rectangular solid are equal in volume. If the length of the edges of the rectangular solid are 4, 8, and 16, what is the length of an edge of the cube?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D) 16
(E) 64
Answer: Choice B is correct. We have all of the dimensions to calculate the volume of the rectangular solid, which is 16 x 8 x 4. This is also the volume of the cube. So, the length of an edge of the cube is the cubic root of (16 x 8 x 4), or 8.
7) The distance between Athens and Carthage is 120 miles. A car travels from Athens to Carthage at 60 miles per hour and returns from Carthage to Athens along the same route at 40 miles per hour. What is the average speed for the round trip?
(A) 48
(B) 50
(C) 52
(D) 56
(E) 58
Answer: Choice A is correct. Average speed = Total distance / Total time. A car traveling at 40 mph will cover 120 miles in 3 hours. A car traveling at 60 mph covers the same 120 miles in 2 hours. The total travel time is therefore 5 hours.
For the entire round trip, the average speed = (120 + 120) / 5 = 48 mph.
8) If w is 10% less than x, and y is 30% less than z, they wy is what percent less than xz?
(A) 10%
(B) 20%
(C) 37%
(D) 40%
(E) 100%
Answer: Choice C is correct. We solve using simple equations:
w is 10% less than x w = x - 0.10x, or w = 0.9x
y is 30% less than z y = z - 0.30z, or y = 0.7z
wy = (0.9x)(0.7z) = 0.63xz , or xz - 0.37xz
9) How many different ways can three cubic boxes be painted if each box is painted one color and only the three colors pink, orange and yellow are available? (Order is not considered, ie, pink/orange/pink is considered the same as pink/pink/orange).
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 9
(D) 10
(E) 27
Answer: Choice D is correct. There are theoretically 27 color combinations (3 x 3 x 3), without restriction. If order is not considered, then there are just 10 distinct color combinations available.
PPP YYY OOO
PPY YYP OOP
PPO YYO OOY
PYO YPY OPY
PYY YPP OPP
PYP YPO OPO
POO YOY OYY
POY YOP OYP
POP YOO OYO
10) If x is an integer and y = -2x - 8, what is the least value of x for which y is less than 9?
(A) -9
(B) -8
(C) -7
(D) -6
(E) -5
Answer: Choice B is correct. From the wquation given, we simplify to: -2x-8 <> -8.5, or x = -8.
11) If w is 10% less than x, and y is 30% less than z, they wy is what percent less than xz?
(A) 10%
(B) 20%
(C) 37%
(D) 40%
(E) 100%
Answer: Choice E is correct. When we sketch the points on a graph, we note that Points A, B and C form a right triangle ACB. To find the perimeter, we find the lengths of the three sides and add them together.
A (-2, 7) B (3,- 5) C (-2, -5)
AC = 7-(-5) = 12
BC = 3 - (-2) = 5
Using the Pythagorean theorem to solve for hypotenuse AB,
AB squared = (12)(12) + (5)(5) = 13 = AB
Perimeter = 12 + 13 + 5 = 30
12) In the repeating decimal 0.097531097531...., what is the 44th digit to the right of the decimal point?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 7
(E) 9
Answer: Choice E is correct. The pattern is the same 6 numbers in the same order: 0,9,7,5,3 and 1. The 44th digit will be a 9.
13) What is the greatest integer that will always evenly divide the sum of three consecutive even integers?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 6
(E) 12
Answer: Choice D is correct. We can solve this by working with actual numbers. Starting with zero, we see that the sum is always a multiple of 6:
0 + 2 + 4 = 6, 2 + 4 + 6 = 12, 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 , 6 + 8 + 10 = 24, etc.
14) Decorative ribbon is cut into three equal parts. The resulting segments are then cut into 4, 6 and 8 equal parts, respectively. If each of the resulting pieces has an integer length, what is the minimum length of the ribbon?
(A) 24
(B) 36
(C) 48
(D) 54
(E) 72
Answer: Choice E is correct. Since the ribbon is cut into three equal parts, the minimum length is a multiple of three. Since one of the three pieces is then divided evenly into 8 pieces, the length of the ribbon must be at least (3)(8), or 24. Another piece is cut evenly into 6 pieces. Thus, we seek the least common multiple of 6 and 8. The smallest common multiple of 6 and 8 is 24, so the minimum length of the ribbon is 3(24) = 72.
15) The average (mean) of six numbers is 6. If 3 is subtracted from each of four of the numbers, what is the new average?
(A) 3/2
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 9/2
Answer: Choice D is correct. If 6 numbers have an average of 6, their sum is 36. Subtracting 3 from 4 of the numbers removes 3(4), or 12 from the sum. The new sum is 24 and the new mean is 24/6 = 4.
16) If chocolate, nuts and caramel are to be mixed in the ratio 3:5:7 respectively, and 5 tons of chocolate are available, how many tons of the mixture can be made? (Assume there is enough nuts and caramel to use all the chocolate.)
(A) 15
(B) 20
(C) 25
(D) 30
(E) 75
Answer: Choice C is correct. Since the ratio of chocolate to nuts to caramel is 3:5:7, for every three portions of chocolate we add, we get 3 + 5 + 7 or 15 portions of the mixture. Thus, the formula gives 15/3 or 5 times as much mixture as chocolate. If we have 5 tons of chocolate, we can make 5 x 5 or 25 tons of the mixture
17) If the degree measures of two angles of an isosceles triangle are in ther ratio 1:3, what is the degree measure of the largest angle if it is not a base angle?
(A) 26 degrees (B) 36 degrees (C) 51 degrees (D) 92 degrees (E) 108 degrees
Answer: Choice E is correct. Let x denote the base angles and y denote the largest angle. We know that x/y = 1/3, or y = 3x. We also know that x + x + y = 180. Combining equations, we have: 2x + 3x = 180, or x = 36. Since y is 3 times x, y is 108.
18) x(x - y) - z(x - y) =
(A) x - y
(B) x - z
(C) (x - y)(x - z)
(D) (x - y)(x + z)
(E) (x - y)(z - x)
Answer: Choice C is correct. since (x - y) is a common factor, we factor it out:
x(x - y) - z(x - y) = (x - y)(x - z)
19) A stock decreases in value by 20 percent. By what percent must the stock price increase to reach its former value?
(A) 15%
(B) 20%
(C) 25%
(D) 30%
(E) 40%
Answer: Choice C is correct. Although the stock must increase and decrese by the same amount, it does not increase and decrease by the same percent. When the stock first decreased, the amount of change was part of a larger whole. Let's solve this by using $100 as the initial price of the stock:
The 20% decrease reduced the stock price to $80. For the stock to reach $100 again, there must be a $20 increase. $20 is what % of $80? 20/80 x 100 = 25%.
20) The population of a certain town increases by 50 percent every 50 years. If the population in 1950 was 810, in what year was the population 160?
(A) 1650
(B) 1700
(C) 1750
(D) 1800
(E) 1850
Answer: Choice C is correct. The population in 1950 was 150% (or 3/2) the 1900 population, making the 1900 population 2/3 of that in 1950. Simply multiply the population number by 2/3 every 50 years, down to 160 (for 1750).
810 (2/3) = 540 (2/3) = 360 (2/3) = 240 (2/3) = 160
1950 in 1900 in 1850 in 1800 in 1750
at 12:49 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Reading Comprehension Section of the GRE
The reading comprehension section on the GRE contains four written passages (each between 200 - 500 words long) followed by a series of questions. Passages can be about any subject, but the most common themes are politics, history, science, business and the humanities. Most readers find the passages difficult because the subject matter is dry and obscure. Many are written in the passive voice and contain unpronounceable words. By design, no academic background offers an "edge" or greater likelihood of success in this section of the test. The material is purposely selected to test your reading comprehension, rather than your understanding of a specific subject area. This ensures:
a) the passages do not require the reader to have any specialized knowledge in the subject area
b) everything you need to answer the questions is presented in the passage
The passages always use a formal, compact style. They are excerpted from academic journal articles, but are not printed verbatim. The original article is heavily edited to just one-quarter to one-third of its original length, retaining the formal style of the piece, but removing the introductory material, fillers and transitional phrases. Worse, passages are untitled and often start in the middle of an explanation or discussion, so the reader must jump in with no clear point of reference.
The purpose of the section is to determine if you can quickly identify the structure, objective and logic of a long, difficult passage and apply the author's premise to new situations. To succeed in the rigid timeframe (35 minutes), students must read with a different mindset than they use in most traditional coursework.
Here are the exact directions used on the exam:
Directions: Each selection in this test is followed by several questions. After reading the selection, choose the best response to each question and mark it on your answer sheet. Your replies are to be based on what is stated or implied in the selection.
Reading styles are subjective, as what works for one person may not work for another. Success with these passages depends on your individual style. We can't recommend speed reading, which is designed for ordinary, non-technical material. Because passages are so dense, you can not skim over a single sentence without missing key information. You should read faster than normally, but not to the point that your comprehension suffers. Experiment to find your optimum pace. Some guides recommend that you read the questions first, then go back and read the passage. Sadly, few students will have enough time for that approach. In some cases, the questions and answer choices are longer than the actual passage!
We recommend that you take a few seconds at the beginning of the section and scope out the passages. Read the first line of each and determine which will be easiest for you and which will be hardest. Do the easiest one first. Don't waste precious time on a dense, difficult passage. Rack up as many "easy" points as possible first, then return to the hardest questions.
The Five Questions
The key to performing well on the passages is not your particular reading technique, but in your familiarity with the types of possible questions. In general, there are only five question types explored on the reading comprehension test:
a) Main Idea
b) Details
c) Organization
d) Extension / Application
e) Attitude / Tone
As you become familiar with the different question types, you will gain an intuitive sense for the places from which they are likely to be drawn. You can then approach these questions quickly and efficiently. Generally, the order in which the questions are asked corresponds to the order in which the main issues are presented in the passage. Early questions should correspond to information given early in the passage, and so on.
a) Main Idea Questions
Main idea questions test your ability to identify and understand an author's intent. The main idea is usually stated:
i) in the last (occasionally the first) sentence of the first paragraph
ii) in last sentence of the entire passage.
Main idea questions are usually the first questions asked in the question set.
Some common main idea questions are:
Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
The primary purpose of the passage is to ...
In the passage, the author's primary concern is to discuss. ..
Which of the following would be an excellent title for the passage?
Main idea questions are usually not difficult. If you don't catch the main idea after your first reading, review the first and last sentence of each paragraph. These will give you a quick overview of the passage.
Because main idea questions are relatively easy, the test writers try to obscure the correct answer by surrounding it with close answer-choices that either overstate or understate the author's main point. Answers that stress specifics tend to understate the main idea, while choices that go beyond the scope of the passage tend to overstate the main idea. The correct answer to a main idea question will summarize the author's argument, yet be neither too specific nor too broad. In most cases, the main idea of a passage is found in the first paragraph or in the final sentence of the entire passage.
b) Detail Questions
Detail questions refer to a minor point or to incidental information in the passage, but not to the author's main point. These questions take various forms:
According to the passage. .
In line 25, the author mentions....for the purpose of ...
The passage suggests that which one of the following would....
The answer to a detail question must refer directly to a statement in the passage, not to something implied by it. When answering a detail question, find the point in the passage from which the question is drawn. Don't rely on memory, as many tactics are used with these questions to confuse test takers. Not only must the correct answer refer directly to a statement in the passage, it must refer to the relevant statement. The correct answer will be surrounded by wrong choices which refer directly to the passage but don't address the question. These choices can be tempting because they tend to be quite close to the actual answer.
Once you locate the sentence to which the question refers, you must read a few sentences before and after it to put the question in context. If a question refers to line 30, the information needed to answer it can occur anywhere from line 25 to 35. Even if you spot the answer in line 28, you should still read a few more lines to ensure you have the proper perspective.
c) Organization of the Passage
Because they are derived from diverse subject areas, passages can cover an infinite number of topics. While main idea questions ask the purpose of the piece, organization questions ask how the author presents his ideas. While authors can theoretically use an endless number of writing techniques, most test passages use one of just three organizational styles:
i) Compare and contrast two positions
This technique simply develops two ideas and then explains why one is better than the other. Some common comparison phrases include "by contrast" or "similarly".
Typical questions for these types of passages are:
According to the passage, a central distinction between a woman's position and a man's is:
In which of the following ways does the author imply that birds and reptiles are similar?
ii) Show cause and effect
The author demonstrates that a particular cause leads to a specific result. Sometimes this method introduces a sequence of causes and effects: A causes B, which causes C, which causes D, etc. Hence B is both the effect of A and the cause of C.
iii) State a position and then offer supporting evidence
This technique is common with opinionated passages. Many authors prefer the reverse order, where the supporting evidence is presented first and then the position or conclusion is stated.
Following are some typical questions for these types of passages:
According to the author, which of the following is required for one to become proficient with a computer?
Which of the following does the author cite as evidence that the species is dangerous?
d) Extension / Application Questions
Extension questions require you to go beyond what is stated in the passage, asking you to draw an inference, to make a conclusion, or to identify one of the author's tacit assumptions. You may be asked to draw a conclusion based on the ideas or facts presented:
It can be inferred from the passage that. ..
The passage suggests that. ..
From this we can conclude that.....
Since extension questions require you to go beyond the passage, the correct answer must say more than what is stated in the passage. The correct answer to an extension question will not require a quantum leap in thought, but it will add significantly to the ideas presented in the passage.
While extension questions ask you to apply what you learned from the passage to derive new information about the same subject, application questions go one step further, asking you to apply what you have learned from the passage to a different or hypothetical situation.
The following are common application questions:
Which one of the following is the most likely source of the passage?
Which of the following is an appropriate title for this piece?
The author would most likely agree with which one of the following statements?
Which one of the following sentences would the author be most likely to use to complete the last paragraph of the passage?
To answer an application question, consider the author's perspective. Ask yourself:
what is he arguing for?
what might make his argument stronger?
what might make it weaker?
Because these questions go beyond the passage, they tend to be the most difficult. They require you to pick up subtleties of the author's attitude.
e) Attitude / Tone Questions
Tone questions discuss the writer's attitude or perspective. Does he feel positive, negative or neutral? Does he give his own opinion or objectively present those of others? Before reading the answer choices, decide whether the writer's tone is positive, negative or neutral. If you didn't get a feel for the writer's attitude on the first reading, check the adjectives used (they nearly always have a strong positive or negative connotation).
Beware of answer choices that contain extreme emotions. Passages are usually taken from academic journals, where strong emotions are considered inappropriate. The writers usually display opinions that are considered and reasonable, not spontaneous or off-the-wall. The tone or attitude of a passage closely parallels the main idea. If the author's intent is to explain the reasons for abolishing slavery, the tone is explanatory or encouraging, not negative or discouraging. The correct answer will also be indisputable. The test writers NEVER allow the correct answer to be vague, controversial or grammatically questionable
Key Words That Identify Potential Questions
Each passage contains about 400 - 700 words and only a few questions, ensuring that you will NOT be tested on most of the specific details. Your best reading strategy is to identify the places from which questions will most likely be drawn and concentrate your attention there.
Key, pivotal words indicate contrast, warning that the author is about to either make a U-turn or introduce a counter-premise (a concession to a minor point that weakens his case). Common pivotal words include:
But Although In Contrast Even though However Yet Nonetheless Except Despite Nevertheless
These words show where the author changes direction, providing natural places for questions to be drawn. The test writers form questions at these junctures to test whether you followed the author's line of reasoning or got lost. Sentences containing pivotal words nearly ALWAYS contain the answer to a test question.
Handling Incorrect Answer Choices
One of the most difficult tasks in writing test questions is composing tempting, incorrect answer choices. In most cases, only two of the five choices will have any real merit. We've observed several common threads in the wrong answer choices that most test takers should consider. Be on the look-out for the following:
a) For main idea questions, incorrect choices use the wrong verb and focus on supporting details, rather than the main point of the passage. Incorrect choices also tend to either overstate or understate the author's view. Beware of extreme choices, as they are often wrong. Correct answers tend to be rational, measured responses. Other tempting incorrect answer choice are "half-right, half-wrong", incorporating some of the author's view, but not a complete match. Other wrong answers pick a point of view that is inconcistent with the author's.
b) On detail questions, incorrect answer choices distort the author's words or are exact opposites of the correct answer.
c) For inference questions, incorrect choices distort the passage's ideas and go beyond the scope of the passage. For application questions, wrong choices are not parallel or analagous to the situation in the passage.
d) Incorrect tone answers are overly emotional or the opposite of the correct answer. Some incorrect answers are odd combinations of adjectives that make no sense in real world applications, such as "detached ambivalence", "enlightened apathy", and "muffled denial".
e) Sometimes incorrect answers are logically wrong. They misrepresent the author's purpose or focus on the "what" rather than the "why" of the detail.
f) Watch for unusual or uncommon usage of words. Students sometimes overlook points in passages because a familiar word is used in an unfamiliar manner. An example is champion. As a noun, champion means a hero or accomplished person. Yet, a a verb, champion means to support or advocate.
g) Be wary of extreme answers that contain "all or nothing" buzzwords such as must, always, impossible, never, cannot, each, every, totally, all, solely and only. Few passages will be written in such an absolute tone.
Two Sample Reading Comprehension Passage (and Solutions)
Now we will apply all the methods we have learned to two test passages. To parallel the timing of the actual test, spend about 10 minutes on each passage.
Passage 1
Among the several hundred million cells that comprise the wondrously complex human body, and thus to be theoretically detectable in lab tests and in electron photomicrographs, a tiny fraction, no more than a few hundred, belong to a curious subclass whose luminiscence has a wavelength distribution so unique that 5 it long defied explanation. Such systems luminisce strongly in the visible region of the spectrum, but some of them do so even more strongly at both shorter and longer wavelengths: in the ultraviolet region and in the infrared regions.
10 This odd distribution of luminiscence is best explained by the pairing of a giant red blood cell and an intensely small white blood cell that is virtually in contact with its larger companion as the two travel around a common center. Such objects have become known as Clinging cells. On photographic plates only the giant cell can be discerned, but evidence for the existence of the 15 tiny companion has now been supplied by magnifying instruments capable of detecting ultraviolet luminiscence at wavelengths that are absorbed by the body's heat and therefore cannot be detected by typical analytical instruments.
The spectra of Clinging cells indicate that the giant red blood cell is surrounded by 20 very thin lipid filaments. The existence of the lipid filaments marked such objects as being unique several decades before clinical observations finally identified the lipid as the luminiscence from the tiny companion white blood cell. Clinging cells also flare up in outbursts indicating the ejection of material in the form of a shell or a ring, reminiscent of the recurrent circulation of hormonal cells. Clinging cells may 25 therefore represent a transitory phase in the evolution of certain types of hormonal systems in which there is a substantial transfer of matter from the larger partner to the smaller.
The exact evolutionary course that turns a typical blood cell system into a clinging one is 30 a matter of conjecture. The comparatively small number of known Clinging cells in our bodies suggests that if all binaries of modest mass normally pass through a clinging phase in their evolution, the phase must be extremely brief, perhaps as short as a millisecond.
1. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
(A) demonstrate that most hormonal systems were at one time clinging
(B) dismiss current knowledge of Clinging cells as overly speculative
(C) describe Clinging cells as a distinct type of cell system
(D) present evidence that hormonal systems are formed from tiny white blood cells
(E) compare characteristics of giant red blood cells and tiny white blood cells
2. The passage implies that Clinging cell systems differ from other hormonal systems in that the former
(A) display luminiscence patterns different from those of most hormonal systems
(B) contain two cells that revolve around a common center
(C) possess far greater mass than other hormonal systems
(D) are more common in our bodies than other hormonal systems
(E) are the only hormonal systems that can be detected by electron microscopes
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about "the luminiscence" mentioned in line 22?
(A) It causes certain large red blood cells cells to appear tiny to observers.
(B) It was incorrectly associated with hormonal cells in our bodies.
(C) It interferes with the clarity of photographs of most hormonal systems.
(D) It corresponds to the visible region of the light spectrum.
(E) It could not be positively identified from phtomicrograph observations.
4. According to the passage, the exchange of matter within a Clinging cell system is believed to be a process in which
(A) cell grows in mass at the expense of the other
(B) the mass of each cell remains fairly stable
(C) the mass of both cells declines
(D) both cells absorb matter emitted by other nearby cells
(E) both cells gradually return to an earlier singular state
5. The assumption that the Clinging cell phase in the evolution of some hormonal systems "must be extremely brief " (line ) is most likely based on the fact that
(A) hormones are rapidly ejected from clinging systems
(B) few Clinging cells have been detected in our bodies
(C) the cells in a clinging pair are in close proximity to each other
(D) Clinging cells vary considerably in size from one another
(E) the outbursts of Clinging cells resemble those of hormonal cells
Passage 2
Nearly forty years ago, former President Kennedy signed the National Reproductive Policy Act, this nation's first major federal law addressing federal reproductive freedom. Although the nation has now witnessed almost forty years of continuing debate 5 about abortion freedom law, a relatively new element has recent- ly entered the controversy: the use of partial birth procedures and their high risks in facilitating voluntary third trimester pregnancy terminations.
10 Before the development of techniques to facilitate partial birth abortions, when an unwanted pregnancy occurred, a govern- ment agency otten simply told a patient she could only abort during the first trimester. Doctors performing the procedures otten relied on visual observations to determine compliance with the legal time limits. 15 Most reproductive freedom professionals consider flexible legal guidelines an improvement over pre-1960 restrictions because it pro- vides a factual and scientific basis for the abortion methodology rather than an intuitive or emotional basis. Accordingly, many reproductive freedom professionals regard formal abortion laws 20 to be neutral policy tools that can be employed by the gov- ernment to make sound policy judgments that assure effi- cient and appropriate procedures.
But are abortion laws and their proponents really neutral political 25 issues? Analysis of the choices that must be made in reproductive issues makes the answer clear. Because pregnancy termination depends on choices for which there is no a priori legal method of deciding from among available assumptions, decisions ultimately depends largely, if not predominantly, on values 30 positions rather than on legal precedent . Laws must now govern partial birth abortion methodology for women's health, including a determination of whether the procedure will cause an adverse health effect; dose-response assessment of drugs, an analysis of the rela- tionship between an administered dose and the incidence of 35 the adverse health effect; exposure assessment, an analysis of the processes and pathways by which contact with a labor-inducement drug creates opportunity for exposure; and risk characterization, the process of identifying the incidence of adverse health effects under various clinical conditions-requires the appli- 40 cation of some judgment that must ultimately rely on some- thing less than legally-proven principles. Indeed, many of the choices that must be made in completing a risk assess- ment must be viewed as pure values judgments. For example, in the hazard identification portion of an assessment, the deci- 45 sion on picking a confidence level to determine statistically whether there has been a positive determination of whether a labor-inducement drug is a hazard is a pure values judgment.
Decisions on reproductive freedom based on current risk assess- 50 ment procedures should therefore be viewed primarily as eth- ical choices rather than as technically dictated conclusions. It is important in an age of increasing scientific complexity that interested parties attempt to understand the values positions and ethical issues that underlie legally derived policy 55 choices. Government must bring greater clarity to the debate about reproductive freedom through identification of the embedded values positions and issues in therapeutic abortion procedures.
6. Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?
(A) Therapeutic abortion is an improvement over past methods because it is based more on factual evidence than on intuition.
(B) Former President Kennedy did more than his predecessors to protect the reproductive freedom of women by approving the use of first trimester abortion.
(C) Though perhaps more radical than previous birth control measures, partial birth abortion is a value-free process.
(D) While the concept of partial birth abortion is enticing from a scientific viewpoint, this method is so expensive that its use is impractical on a large scale.
(E) Since past abortion procedures were effective in the first trimester, the government should not have approved further restrictions on its use or implementation.
7. All of the following are explicitly mentioned in the passage as part of the adverse health effects EXCEPT
(A) visual observation
(B) exposure assessment
(C) analysis of labor-inducement drugs
(D) risk characterization
(E) dose-response assessment
8. The author most probably mentions "confidence level" (line 45) in order to
(A) demonstrate that partial birth procedures are safer than past abortion methods
(B) question the accuracy of physician's clinical observations
(C) suggest that government should eliminate ambiguities in its reproductive freedom agenda
(D) show that nonlegal principles can affect subsequent legal decisions
(E) strengthen the notion that the National Reproductive Policy Act needs to be modified
9. The author suggests which one of the following about abortion methods that predated the development of the partial birth procedure?
(A) They are considered to be completely ineffective in protecting women's health.
(B) President Kennedy's National ReproductivePolicy Act was based on their success.
(C) Many reproductive freedom professionals are not satisfied with the results produced by these methods.
(D) They are often difficult to apply because they depend on precise time limitations.
(E) The best features of these methods should be integrated into the partial birth process.
10. Which of the following words, as it appears in the passage, best supports the author's view of the role of non-legal components in the risk assessment process?
(A) improvement (line 16)
(B) neutral (line 20)
(C) adverse (line 35)
(D) opportunity (line 38)
(E) underlie (line 54)
11. The passage's reference to the "factual and scientific basis" of abortion rights process in line 17 serves which of the following functions?
(A) It explains the government's unwillingness to choose between older methods and the assessment of newer ones.
(B) It outines the differences among reproductive freedomists over the practicality of visual observation techniques.
(C) It underscores the belief of reproductive freedomists that risk assessment is a useful method for evaluating new procedures.
(D) It introduces birth control policy choices for which there is no a priori assessment method.
(E) It highlights the attitude of reproductive freedomists toward the National Reproductive Policy Act.
12. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) comparing risk assessment of new procedures with earlier abortion methods
(B) explaining why government should make explicit the ethical choices involved in reproductive freedom choices
(C) highlighting government's inability to deal effectively with reproductive freedom issues
(D) reviewing the evolution of abortion methods over the past two decades
(E) proposing a new method for reproductive freedom that incorporates the best features of risk assessment
Answers and Explanations for Reading Passages
Passage 1
1. C is the correct answer. This is a main idea question and choice C matches the passage's topic and scope. Choices A, D and E are too narrow and limited, while B distorts the author's tone.
2. A is correct. Although hte question asks you to infer, it is actually a description question. Choice A is suggested in the passage's first sentence. Neither B nor C is ever suggested, while D contradicts the passage. E is tricky, but distorts the passage.
3. E is the correct choice to this inference question. It corresponds to information in paragraphs 2 and 3. Choice A is not indicated by the passage, while choice C distorts it. D seems to contrdict the passage. This is a difficult question, as the correct answer does not appear in immediately surrounding lines. In this case, the answer is suggested at the end of the previous paragraph.
4. A is correct. This is a challenging detail question with no line reference. Choice A paraphrases information at the end of paragraph 3. Choices B and C are inconsistent, while D and E are never suggested.
5. B is the correct answer. Although the question includes the word "assumption", it is actually a description question. A , D and E mention irrelevant information, while C discusses an unrelated fact. While all the choices are factually accurate, only B contains the relevant information.
Passage 2
6. Choice C correctly and elegantly sums up the author's skepticism. Choice A contradicts the author's view, while B violates the actual timeline of events. Choice D totally misses the ethical question, while E goes too far.
7. Choice A is correct. All other components appear explicitly in the four wrong choices.
8. Choice D is correct. Choices A and B refer to earlier efforts, while C comes at the very end of the passage. E has no connection with either risk assessment or the line in question.
9. Choice C is easily inferable from the passage. Choice A goes too far, while B and E aren't supported by the passage. Choice D is simply incorrect.
10. Choice E best captures the main idea. Choices A and B are not improvements, while D is too positive. Choice C is tempting, but does not capture the idea as well as E.
11. Choice C is correct. Choice A is not mentioned in the passage, while B refers to a topic on which the passage's reproductive freedomists are undivided. Choices D and E come at incorrect points in the passage to make sense.
12. Choice B well captures the overall concept of the passage. Choice A pushes too far, while C, D and E all miss the heart of the passage.
at 12:47 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Monday, December 17, 2007
UNIX / Linux Command Summary
UNIX / Linux Command Summary
access()
Used to check the accessibility of files
int
Access(pathname, access_mode)
Char* pathname;
int access-mode;
The access modes are.
04 read
02 write
01 execute (search)
00 checks existence of a file
& operator
execute a command as a background process.
banner
prints the specified string in large letters. Each argument may be upto 10 characters long.
break
is used to break out of a loop. It does not exit from the program.
Cal
Produces a calender of the current month as standard output. The month (1-12) and year (1-9999) must be specified in full numeric format.
Cal [[ month] year]
Calendar
Displays contents of the calendar file
case operator
The case operator is used to validate multiple conditions.
Case $string in
Pattern 1)
Command list;;
Command list;;
Pattern 3)
Command list;;
easc
cat
(for concatenate) command is used to display the contents of a file. Used without arguments it takes input from standard input is used to terminate input.
cat [filename(s) ]
cat > [filename]
Data can be appended to a file using >>
Some of the available options are :
Cat [-options] filename(S)
-s silent about files that
cannot be accessed
-v enables display of non printinging characters (except tabs, new lines, form-
feeds)
-t when used with –v, it causes tabs to be printed as ^I’s
-e when used with –v, it causes $ to be printed at the end of each line
The –t and –e options are ignored if the –v options is not specified.
cd
Used to change directories
chgrp
Changes the group that owns a file.
Chgrp [grou –id] [filename]
chmod
Allows file permissions to be changed for each user. File permissions can be changed only by the owner (s).
Chmod [+/-][rwx] [ugo] [filename]
chown
Used to change the owner of a file.
The command takes a file(s) as source files and the login id of another user as the target.
Chown [user-id] [filename]
cmp
The cmp command compares two files (text or binary) byte-by-byte and displays the first occurrence where the files differ.
Cmp [filename1] [filename2] -1 gives a long listing
comm.
The comm command compares two sorted files and displays the instances that are common. The display is separated into 3 columns.
Comm. filename1 filename2
first displays what occurs in first files but not in the second
second displays what occurs in second file but not in first
third displays what is common in both files
continue statement
The rest of the commands in the loop are ignored. It moves out of the loop and moves on the next cycle.
cp
The cp (copy) command is used to copy a file.
Cp [filename1] [filename2]
cpio(copy input/output)
Utility program used to take backups.
Cpio operates in three modes:
-o output
-i input
-p pass
creat()
the system call creates a new file or prepares to rewrite an existing file. The file pointer is set to the beginning of file.
#include
#include
int creat(path, mode)
char *path;
int mode;
cut
used to cut out parts of a file. It takes filenames as command line arguments or input from standard input. The command can cut columns as well as fields in a file. It however does not delete the selected parts of the file.
Cut [-ef] [column/fie, d] filename
Cut-d “:” –f1,2,3 filename
Where –d indicates a delimiter specified within “:”
df
used to find the number of free blocks available for all the mounted file systems.
#/etc/df [filesystem]
diff
the diff command compares text files. It gives an index of all the lines that differ in the two files along with the line numbers. It also displays what needs to be changed.
Diff filename1 filename2
echo
The echo command echoes arguments on the command line.
echo [arguments]
env
Displays the permanent environment variables associated with a user’s login id
exit command
Used to stop the execution of a shell script.
expr command
Expr (command) command is used for numeric computation.
The operators + (add), -(subtract), *(multiplu), /(divide), (remainder) are allowed. Calculation are performed in order of normal numeric precedence.
find
The find command searches through directories for files that match the specified criteria. It can take full pathnames and relative pathnames on the command line.
To display the output on screen the –print option must be specified
for operator
The for operator may be used in looping constructs where there is repetitive execution of a section of the shell program.
For var in vall val2 val3 val4;
Do commnds; done
fsck
Used to check the file system and repair damaged files. The command takes a device name as an argument
# /etc/fsck /dev/file-system- to-be-checked.
grave operator
Used to store the standard the output of a command in an enviroment variable. (‘)
grep
The grep (global regular expression and print) command can be used as a filter to search for strings in files. The pattern may be either a fixed character string or a regular expression.
Grep “string” filename(s)
HOME
User’s home directory
if operator
The if operator allows conditional operator
If expression; then commands; fi
if … then…else… fi
$ if; then
commands
efile; then
commands
fi
kill
used to stop background processes
In
used to link files. A duplicate of a file is created with another name
LOGNAME
displays user’s login name
ls
Lists the files in the current directory
Some of the available options are:
-l gives a long listing
-a displays all file{including hidden files
lp
used to print data on the line printer.
Lp [options] filename(s)
mesg
The mesg command controls messages received on a terminal.
-n does not allow messages to be displayed on screen
-y allows messages to be displayed on screen
mkdir
used to create directories
more
The more command is used to dispay data one screenful at a time.
More [filename]
mv
Mv (move) moves a file from one directory to another or simply changes filenames. The command takes filename and pathnames as source names and a filename or exiting directory as target names.
mv [source-file] [target-file]
news
The news command allows a user to read news items published by the system administrator.
ni
Displays the contents of a file with line numbers
passwd
Changes the password
paste
The paste command joins lines from two files and displays the output. It can take a number of filenames as command line arguments.
paste file1 file2
PATH
The directories that the system searches to find commands
pg
Used to display data one page (screenful) at a time. The command can take a number of filenames as arguments.
Pg [option] [filename] [filename2]…. .
pipe
Operator (1) takes the output of one commands as input of another command.
ps
Gives information about all the active processes.
PS1
The system prompt
pwd
(print working directory) displays the current directory.
rm
The rm (remove) command is used to delete files from a directory. A number of files may be deleted simultaneously. A file(s) once deleted cannot be retrieved.
rm [filename 1] [filename 2]…
sift command
Using shift $1becomes the source string and other arguments are shifted. $2 is shifted to $1,$3to $2 and so on.
Sleep
The sleep command is used to suspend the execution of a shell script for the specified time. This is usually in seconds.
sort
Sort is a utility program that can be used to sort text files in numeric or alphabetical order
Sort [filename]
split
Used to split large file into smaller files
Split-n filename
Split can take a second filename on the command line.
su
Used to switch to superuser or any other user.
sync
Used to copy data in buffers to files
system0
Used to run a UNIX command from within a C program
tail
The tail command may be used to view the end of a file.
Tail [filename]
tar
Used to save and restore files to tapes or other removable media.
Tar [function[modifier] ] [filename(s) ]
tee
output that is being redirected to a file can also be viewed on standard output.
test command
It compares strings and numeric values.
The test command has two forms : test command itself If test ${variable} = value then
Do commands else do commands
File
The test commands also uses special operators [ ]. These are operators following the of are interpreted by the shell as different from wildcard characters.
Of [ -f ${variable} ]
Then
Do commands
Elif
[ -d ${variable} ]
then
do commands
else
do commands
fi
many different tests are possible for files. Comparing numbers, character strings, values of environment variables.
time
Used to display the execution time of a program or a command. Time is reported in seconds.
Time filename values
tr
The tr command is used to translate characters.
tr [-option] [string1 [string2]]
tty
Displays the terminal pathname
umask
Used to specify default permissions while creating files.
uniq
The uniq command is used to display the uniq(ue) lines in a sorted file.
Sort filename uniq
until
The operator executes the commands within a loop as long as the test condition is false.
wall
Used to send a message to all users logged in.
# /etc/wall message
wait
the command halts the execution of a script until all child processes, executed as background processes, are completed.
wc
The wc command can be used to count the number of lines, words and characters in a fine.
wc [filename(s) ]
The available options are:
wc –[options] [filename]
-1
-w
-c
while operator
the while operator repeatedly performs an operation until the test condition proves false.
$ while
Ø do
commands
Ø done
who
displays information about all the users currently logged onto the system. The user name, terminal number and the date and time that each user logged onto the system.
The syntax of the who command is who [options]
write
The write command allows inter-user communication. A user can send messages by addressing the other user’s terminal or login id.
write user-name [terminal number]
at 1:37 AM 0 comments Links to this post
JOB OPENINGS in Khaleej Times (ENGLISH DAILY OF UAE)
UNIVERSITI ISLAM SULTAN SHARIF ALI
SULTAN SHARIF ALI ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
Applications are invited for appointment to the following full-time teaching posts:
A) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Economics & Islamic Economics)
Ref: UNISSA/FBMS/ 001
B) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Accounting & Islamic Finance)
Ref: UNISSA/FBMS/ 002
C) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Quantitative Analysis/Research Methodology/ Operation Management)
Ref: UNISSA/FBMS/ 003
D) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Human Resource Management)
Ref: UNISSA/FBMS/ 004
E) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Islamic Jurisprudence & Transactions in Islamic Law)
Ref: UNISSA/FBMS/ 005
F) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/ PROFESSOR ( 2 posts)
(Civil Law)
Ref: UNISSA/FOL/006
G) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER (1 post)
(Critical and Creative Thinking)
Ref: UNISSA/PPIB/ 007
H) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER (3 posts)
(English Language)
Ref: UNISSA/PPIB/ 008
I) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER ( 3 posts)
(Arabic Language)
Ref: UNISSA/PPIB/ 009
J) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Information & Communication Technology)
Ref: UNISSA/PPIB/ 010
K) LECTURER/SENIOR LECTURER (1 post)
(MIB/Brunei Studies)
Ref: UNISSA/PPIB/ 011
L) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR/PROFESSOR (1 post)
(Shariah/Maddhab Shafi'i)
Ref: UNISSA/PPMS/ 012
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
Minimum requirements for a lecturer is a Master degree in relevant field with at least 3 years teaching experience in tertiary teaching and must show inclination towards research and publication. A Senior Lecturer should have a Ph.D in relevant field with at least 5 years teaching experience in tertiary teaching and a proven record in research and publication. An Associate Professor and a Professor should have outstanding academic record of teaching, research and publication and an established international reputation.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE
1. The appointment will be on a permanent basis for citizens of Brunei Darussalam. For non-citizens, appointment will be by contract for a period of three years which is renewable subject to mutual agreement.
2. The annual salary range for the following posts is as follows:-
Professor : B$ 70,800
Associate Professor: B$ 64,800
Senior Lecturer: B$ 55,200 - B$ 62,400
Lecturer : B$ 33,720 - B$ 50,880
3. The academic allowance is as follows:-
Professor: B$ 1000.00 per month
Associate Professor: B$ 800.00 per month
Senior Lecturer: B$ 600.00 per month
Lecturer ( with Ph.D): B$ 500.00 pr month
Lecturer (without Ph.D): B$ 300.00 per month
4. Other benefits (for contract staff):
Bonus 1 month salary for Lecturer/Senior Lecturer, _ month salary for Associate Professor/Professor after each 12 months of satisfactory service.
Gratuity (25% of last drawn salary x 36 months at the end of the contract).
Education allowance and children's passage.
Subsidized housing (staff contribute B$130 per month).
Free medical and dental services.
Interest - free car loan.
Annual leave of 48 days.
Passage and removal allowance.
At present there is no personal income tax in Brunei Darussalam.
Application form (Form P3) and detail information regarding the positions above are available from the university website http://www.unissa. edu.bn
Completed application form together with copies of academic certificates and comprehensive curriculum vitae with the names and addresses of three referees should be sent to the following address :
Registrar
Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University
Jalan Tungku Link
Gadong BE1410
NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Application forms may be obtained from the address above or downloaded from the university website.
Application must reach Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University by 31 December 2007. Only shortlisted candidates will be contacted and informed of details regarding interviews.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
IT Job Vacancies
SALES MANAGER: ICT Solution selling with good Technical skills, 5 years
CISCO CERTIFIED ENGINEERS: Mainly CCIE, CCNP, IPCC, CCSP, Wireless
FRONT OFFICE EXECUTIVE: Handling various office matters Arabic, English speaking
E-mail resume to: recruit-me@tiqaniya t.com
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
REGIONAL MANAGER
Hazardous area electrical equipment
A leading European hazardous area electrical equipment manufacturer is looking for a Regional Manger for its Middle East operations. Based in Dubai, he will be ensuring the business development in the region and playing a lead role in establishing the brand in this area.
The incumbent should be an Engineering graduate, with minimum 3 to 4 years experience in explosion proof electrical equipment in oil & gas industry. Rewarding remuneration package for the ideal candidate.
Please forward your resume, with expected salary, to: hr_dxb@yahoo. com
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
SITUATION VACANT
SECRETARY - 1 (Lady)
SALES EXECUTIVES - for Sheet Metal Products
SALES EXECUTIVES - for Powder coating
LIGHT DUTY DRIVERS
POWDER COATING APPLICATORS / PAINTERS
SHEET METAL FABRICATORS & WELDERS
(Sales Executives should have UAE driving license)
RIYAN STEEL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING
DUBAI
Fax: 04-2678211 / 2679901
Email: riyan92@emirates. net.ae
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
FALCON HUNTERS INTERNATIONAL
www.falconhuntersin ternational. com
GENERAL MANAGER
Bakery
Closing Date: December 2007
Our Ref.: GM 337/07
The Client:
A leading Bakery Company requires a General Manager.
The Challenges:
To develop and recommend short and long range Company objectives consistent with Company Guidelines.
Drive Company budget and implement activities in accordance with approved plans and budgets.
To develop strong client network and ensure continued growth.
To provide effective leadership, guidance, and training to the team.
To devise and implement Sales programs and participate in formulation of marketing strategies and plans.
Achieve targets and improve profitability of the Company.
To establish and maintain excellent customer and public relations.
To gather and analyze market intelligence and closely watch competition while developing new business/ Clients.
To visit market regularly, in order to ensure that each client is fully serviced.
Prepare credit proposals, conduct credit appraisals, and keep control on credit.
The Credentials:
Male, below 45 years of age.
Dynamic, with good communication and interpersonal skills.
Good negotiating skills.
Strong commercial acumen.
Leadership qualities are a must.
MBA certified.
10 years experience in Bakery business.
This is an exciting opportunity for you to further your career as a General Manager and if you have the credibility and the desire to take on the new responsibility, please log-on to our website www.falconhuntersin ternational. com,
making sure to fill out the confidential “Candidate Profile Form” completely and in detail. Or, send your complete profile to
directorappointment s@falconhuntersi nternational. ae
FALCON HUNTERS INTERANTIONAL
P.O. Box 55360, Dubai, UAE
Tel: 9714 3315550
Fax: 9714 3328371
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
A reputed multinational company in Dubai is looking for dedicated individuals for the following posts.
PERSONAL ASSISTANT
Candidate must possess the following skills and competencies: knowledge in computer applications, excellent planning and organization ability and skills in standard office administrative practices and procedures. The candidate will be required to manage hotel bookings, tickets and schedules.
• PURCHASING ASSISTANT CUM SECRETARY
The candidate would be required to perform secretarial and general office duties to provide clerical support for the Purchasing Department. Must have strong organizational skills and must demonstrate accuracy in work. Should have excellent customer service skills and must be up to date with standard office computer skills.
• MARKETING EXECUTIVE
The job profile will require the candidate to be involved in all aspects of marketing, including: planning, advertising, promotion, public/media relations, product development, distribution, sponsorship, and research. The ideal candidate should have relevant experience in Marketing and Business Management and should be resourceful and result oriented.
• LOGISTICS SECRETARY
Smart & dynamic individual capable of working in a demanding business environment. Job responsibilities include shipment status follow up, shipping document preparation, processing & filling, stock list preparation & updating, liaising with overseas offices & local freight forwarders.
• JUNIOR ACCOUNTANT
The ideal candidate will assist in the daily operations of the Financial Management Office and participate with the monthly closings, assist in accounts payable and receivable processing, assist with the preparation of the monthly profit and loss statements, and must be proficient in data entry.
Interested candidates are requested to forward their resumes indicating the position applied for, along with a recent colour photograph to:
THE ADVERTISER, P. O. BOX: 261601, DUBAI, UAE.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------
Posted On : 13 December 2007
ABC
Total Human Resource Solutions
P.O. Box No. 27495
Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Tel: 00971-2-676 8558
Email: enquiries@abcrecrui tment.ae
Website: www.abcrecruitment. ae
Office Hours:
8.00am to 5.00pm (Sat. to Wed.)
Only CV's sent by e-mail will be considered
The Success of any Organization Depends on its Work Force
If You are a UAE National Searching for Employment, Please contact enquiries@abcrecrui tment.ae
A NEW CEMENT GRINDING STATION IN ABU DHABI WITH ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF 2.1 MILLION TONS OF CEMENTS REQUIRES EXPERTS IN THE FOLLOWING:
COST ACCOUNTANT
Candidates should be an ACA /CPA, should be expert in cost Accounting with 3 years minimum experience in similar position working in production process. Candidate must be very organized and successful to achieve and fulfill objectives, should be able to work under pressure. Candidates should have IT knowledge in ERP System and Microsoft personal tools. Should possess good communication skills, familiar with Arabic will be an advantage.
Role:
Maintain permanent updated all the information related inventories movements of the company such as: consumptions, production, deliveries, inventories, etc.
Calculate the production cost with the information coming from accounting & technical department.
To do, jointly with people of the Technical Department, the regular physical inventories of Cements, Bags, Spare Parts, etc.
To the information and to calculate all the specific indicators that should be report to the Group.
To propose measures to improve the internal information communication process with the Technical and Sales Department.
To coordinate the monthly accounting closing process across all the department involved.
Candidate should have professional working experience on the preparation of the financial statements and in the utilization, implementation and definition of production cost systems.
Planning Agent
Candidate must have a secondary certificate, possess good communication skills and be well organized. Candidates should have good command of English and must be proficient with MS Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
Role : Ensure the management of planning and reception of the orders:
Take delivery of and record (in the countable and organizational information processing systems) the orders transmitted by fax, e-mail or telephone to ensure a good follow-up of those.
Take care of the respect of the delivery periods by planning the various stages of transport.
Transmit to the people any relevant information obtained from the customers to Transport companies in order to contribute to the commercial activity.
Manage the logistic and data bases (cards vehicles, customer cards) in order to ensure an operation in coherence with the rules and management of the group.
If needed insure tasks of weighbridge employees.
ASSISTANT - MARKETING & SALES
Female Arab Nationals
Location: Abu Dhabi - Mussaffa
Graduates in Statistics or Commerce with minimum 5 to 7 years UAE Experience in Sales Oriented Organization.
Role: Perform secretarial and administrative support for the Sales and Marketing Managers.
Confident of performing specific tasks such as conducting business analysis research as per guidelines.
Take an active part in marketing exercises such as commercial exhibitions, advertising plans, customer relationship etc. To represent the Sales and Marketing Manager if necessary in meeting customers and provide operational support for maintaining cordial relationship. Prepare statistical reports and maintain up to date data base for supporting decision-making and problem solving issues. Oversee that all relevant data and documents are always in place for co-ordination with external and internal clients.
Salary Negotiable
Interested candidates possessing the relevant qualification and experience are expected to apply along with valid contact details and salary expectation to ranjini@abcrecruitm ent.ae
CONSTRUCTION
Our client, a general contracting company is seeking to recruit experienced and qualified people for the following positions
SENIOR QUANTITY SURVEYOR
Min Requirement: Civil engineering graduates with around 10 yrs experience
Junior Quantity surveyor
Min Requirement: Civil Engineering graduates with around 5 yrs experience
Role: The QS is responsible for the performance of operations that mirror those of the Owner's QS; i.e, the measurement and pricing of construction work, but specifically that actually performed by the Contractor (and the Contractor's Subcontractors) as opposed to the construction work described and measured in the Construction Contract between the Owner and the Contractor. The role of a contractors QS will extend further than the day to day running of building projects and will cover such other areas as sub-contract formation, forecasting of costs and values of the project, cash flow forecasts and the collation of the Operation and maintenance manuals of the project (O&M Manuals).
Estimation Engineer
Min Requirement: Civil Engineering graduates with around 5yrs experience
Role: Shall be responsible for attending site meetings and quantity surveying / price estimation of all Civil and Building activities for new tenders of various magnitudes for construction projects.
Location: Abu Dhabi
Salary: Excellent salary package will be given for the selected candidates. Accommodation assistance will be provided too.
Candidates interested and qualified for the above position please forward your CV immediately to suganthi@abcrecruit ment.ae
ADMINISTRATION
RECEPTIONIST - Female
Nationality - Open
Location: Dubai & Abu Dhabi
Graduates under any discipline, should be fluent in English & Arabic and have minimum 2 years UAE experience in a similar position. Should possess good communication skills and a pleasant personality.
Manage the office reception area as a positive first contact point for visitors
Operate switchboard, answering and forward calls should be familiar with handling the EPABX.
Manage day to day office communications, emails, faxes, prepares documents for staff, format reports
Maintain office diary, files, arrange meetings for staff ,keep up to date computerized files, assist manager with arranging travel and hotel accommodation for consultants and visitors
Candidates on Husband/ Father's Sponsorship and those who can obtain NOC only need to apply.
Interested candidates send your resume with your recent picture, contact details and salary drawn to ranjini@abcrecruitm ent.ae
One of our International clients, a leading Manufacturing & Distributing Company is seeking qualified applicants for the below mentioned positions. The vacancies are open both in U.A.E and Oman.
SALES ENGINEER (Arabic/Filipino- Female)
Location: UAE & Oman
Civil/Mechanical Engineers who possess good knowledge in the construction chemical field with 2-3 years of experience in local ready mix/contracting companies are eligible to apply. A valid U.A.E driving license is an added advantage
SALES ENGINEER (Male)
Location: UAE & Oman
A Sales Engineer with engineering background in Civil or Mechanical with 2-3yrs of experience and also familiar with construction chemical knowledge are requested to apply. Candidates who are having experience with local readymix /contracting companies are preferred. A valid U.A.E driving license is an added advantage.
Candidates who are sending their resumes MUST have prior experience with chemical construction field. Salary is negotiable with other facilites.
SALES MANAGER FOR MACHINERY DIVISION
Location: UAE
One of our valuable clients is seeking for a Sales Manager (preferably Arabic) who holds B.S in Electrical/ Mechanical engineering preferably MBA with minimum 5 years of gulf experience. Must have strong leadership qualities to lead a sales team of 10.Duties consist of selling Deutz Diesel Engines with different applications, Myton Generator Sets and Elba Batching Plans. Also responsible to set sales budgets and meeting the target. Candidate should be smart, energetic and also have good presentation & negotiation skills.
Salary offered Dhs17, 000-20,000 + family insurance + minimum commission of Dhs72, 000/-
SALES MANAGER FOR KITCHEN DIVISION
Location: UAE
B.S degree holder in Management /Administration/ Interior designing preferably Arabic with MBA having10 years of minimum experience. The vital role is to sell locally manufactured and imported kitchen (Notle Kuchen, Torchetti and Lotus) to different projects, and also to set budget for the sales team and meeting target. Should be proficient in leading a team of 5-7.
Salary package: Dhs13, 000-15,000 + family insurance + minimum commission of Dhs 48000/-
Interested candidates send their resumes to anu@abcrecruitment. ae
FINANCE
FINANCE MANAGER
Arab Nationals preferred
Our Client, a leading Contracting company is on the lookout for an experienced professional for the above position
Min requirements: CA/CPA/ACCA/ MBA certified professionals with at least 8-15 yrs middle east experience in implementing/ working in an ERP environment. Exposure to SAP and in dealing with banks/financial institutions. Prior experience in the construction/ contracting industry would be an advantage.
Role: To direct and manage financial and accounting functions of the group of companies and formulate and administer the company's overall strategic financial plans and business controls based on company policies as directed by the CFO/MD
Interested candidates send your CV immediately to suganthi@abcrecruit ment.ae
Email - enquiries@abcrecrui tment.ae
Visit our Website for more jobs and Details - www.abcrecruitment. ae
at 1:33 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Saturday, December 15, 2007
Google Interview Questions
Google operates as one of the most popular, and powerful, search engines, offering targeted search results from more than 8 billion Web pages. The site, which ranks results based on a proprietary algorithm, attracts an audience of more than 80 million people in English-speaking markets; Google also offers search results in about 35 other languages.
The company generates revenue through ads that are targeted by keywords. Google also sells ads across a network of more than 200,000 affiliated Web sites.
Test Paper :1
The selection process is grueling—multiple rounds of phone interviews where they ask you (depending on the fields of expertise you claim) everything from what’s 210, to how you would tweak bits in C to find out if a machine’s stack grows up or down in memory, all the way to having you “program on the phone”… then all of a sudden they rush you to Silicon Valley and you get a long full day of nonstop interviewing.
Google interview questions at Gamedev:
Q: “Explain a database in three sentences to your eight-year-old nephew.”
(my answer): A database is a way of organizing information. It’s like a genie who knows where every toy in your room is. Instead of hunting for certain toys yourself and searching the whole room, you can ask the genie to find all your toy soldiers, or only X-Men action figures, or only race cars — anything you want.
Test Paper :2
Paper Type : General - other
Test Date : 25 November 2007
Test Location : Hyderabad
GOOGLE PAPER ON 25th NOVEMBER AT HYDERABAD
The online test consists of 4 modules.
For each module a timer is set (at the right hand side bottom of the screen).Total time given is 40 minutes.
Module 1:English (duration 5 min).
It consists of a single passage followed by 5 questions.
Module 2:General aptitude(duration 10 min)
It consists of 6 questions based on simple logics. For eg:1)'Z' was invited by his brother 'A' to attend his daughter 'B's birthday party who was busy dancing with her brother 'C'.
What is 'Z' to 'C'?
a)Uncle
b)Nephew
c)Cousin
d)No relation at all
ANS:- a, Uncle.
In a similar way questions based on relations,cost etc etc were asked.
Module 3:-Technical questions(duration 15 min)
It consists of 15 questions where some are web based, html, protocals etc etc.
For this section going through COMPUTER NETWORKS subject will be helpful to a great extent.
Module 4:-Test on Analysis(duration 10 min)
This section is the most time consuming one.Here we are asked to Rate certain sites along with an explanation. The images of these sites are also provided to us for a clear view and better understanding.
The completion of this section(on time)is entirely based on your typing speed and at the same time you have to be good at assesing.
Wishing u all luck...................................
Bye
Sona
Test Paper :3
Paper Type : General - other
Test Date : 3 September 2006
Test Location : chennai
google placement paper
Hello Everyone,
Google has conducted recruitment process in our collage.The criteria was first 30% topper
in the class.So around 40 student has attended the test & only 4 could clear the test.
Test consist of 15 question based on c,c++,and data structure.and two c programs.
So i am listing some of the question as i remembered.
Q1)
What is the value of i after execution of the following program.
void main()
{
long l=1024;
int i=1;
while(l>=1)
{ l=l/2;
i=i+1;
}
}
a)8 b)11 c)10 d)100 ans:b
Q2)
This question is based on the complexity ...
Q3)
s->AB
A->a
B->bbA
Which one is false for above grammer..
Q3)
Some Tree were given & the question is to fine preorder traversal.
Q4)
One c++ program,to find output of the program..
Q5)
If the mean faliure hour is 10,000 and 20 is the mean repair hour.If the printer is used by
100 customer,then find the availability.
1)80% 2)90% 3)98% 4)99.8% 5)100%
Q6)One question on probability...
Q7)In a singly linked list if there is a pointer S on the first element and pointer L is on the last element.Then which operation will take more time based on the lenght of the list.
1)Adding element at the first.
2)adding element at the end of the list.
3)To exchange the fisrt 2 element.
4)Deleting the element from the end of the list.
ans:2 check it!
3 more question to fine the output of the program.
and rest of the question was based on data structure,
some condition where given and we have to conlude either y or n
The second section was coding...
1)Write a fucntion to multiply 2 N*N matrix
Write test cases for ur code.
2)S contains the set of positive integer.Find the largest number c such that c=a+b where a,b,c are distict number of the set.
Paper Type : Aptitude - General
Test Date : 1 January 2005
Google Placement Paper and Sample Paper
1. Solve this cryptic equation, realizing of course that values for M and E could be interchanged. No leading zeros are allowed.
WWWDOT - GOOGLE = DOTCOM
This can be solved through systematic application of logic. For example, cannot be equal to 0, since . That would make , but , which is not possible.
Here is a slow brute-force method of solution that takes a few minutes on a relatively fast machine:
This gives the two solutions
777589 - 188106 == 589483
777589 - 188103 == 589486
Here is another solution using Mathematica's Reduce command:
A faster (but slightly more obscure) piece of code is the following:
Faster still using the same approach (and requiring ~300 MB of memory):
Even faster using the same approach (that does not exclude leading zeros in the solution, but that can easily be weeded out at the end):
Here is an independent solution method that uses branch-and-prune techniques:
And the winner for overall fastest:
2. Write a haiku describing possible methods for predicting search traffic seasonality.
3. 1
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 1
What's the next line?
312211. This is the "look and say" sequence in which each term after the first describes the previous term: one 1 (11); two 1s (21); one 2 and one 1 (1211); one 1, one 2, and two 1's (111221); and so on. See the look and say sequence entry on MathWorld for a complete write-up and the algebraic form of a fascinating related quantity known as Conway's constant.
4. You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike. There is a dusty laptop here with a weak wireless connection. There are dull, lifeless gnomes strolling around. What dost thou do?
A) Wander aimlessly, bumping into obstacles until you are eaten by a grue.
B) Use the laptop as a digging device to tunnel to the next level.
C) Play MPoRPG until the battery dies along with your hopes.
D) Use the computer to map the nodes of the maze and discover an exit path.
E) Email your resume to Google, tell the lead gnome you quit and find yourself in whole different world [sic].
In general, make a state diagram . However, this method would not work in certain pathological cases such as, say, a fractal maze. For an example of this and commentary, see Ed Pegg's column about state diagrams and mazes .
5. What's broken with Unix?
Their reproductive capabilities.
How would you fix it?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
6. On your first day at Google, you discover that your cubicle mate wrote the textbook you used as a primary resource in your first year of graduate school. Do you:
A) Fawn obsequiously and ask if you can have an autograph.
B) Sit perfectly still and use only soft keystrokes to avoid disturbing her concentration
C) Leave her daily offerings of granola and English toffee from the food bins.
D) Quote your favorite formula from the textbook and explain how it's now your mantra.
E) Show her how example 17b could have been solved with 34 fewer lines of code.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
7. Which of the following expresses Google's over-arching philosophy?
A) "I'm feeling lucky"
B) "Don't be evil"
C) "Oh, I already fixed that"
D) "You should never be more than 50 feet from food"
E) All of the above
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
8. How many different ways can you color an icosahedron with one of three colors on each face?
For an asymmetric 20-sided solid, there are possible 3-colorings . For a symmetric 20-sided object, the Polya enumeration theorem can be used to obtain the number of distinct colorings. Here is a concise Mathematica implementation:
What colors would you choose?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
9. This space left intentionally blank. Please fill it with something that improves upon emptiness.
For nearly 10,000 images of mathematical functions, see The Wolfram Functions Site visualization gallery .
10. On an infinite, two-dimensional, rectangular lattice of 1-ohm resistors, what is the resistance between two nodes that are a knight's move away?
This problem is discussed in J. Cserti's 1999 arXiv preprint . It is also discussed in The Mathematica GuideBook for Symbolics, the forthcoming fourth volume in Michael Trott's GuideBook series, the first two of which were published just last week by Springer-Verlag. The contents for all four GuideBooks, including the two not yet published, are available on the DVD distributed with the first two GuideBooks.
11. It's 2PM on a sunny Sunday afternoon in the Bay Area. You're minutes from the Pacific Ocean, redwood forest hiking trails and world class cultural attractions. What do you do?
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
12. In your opinion, what is the most beautiful math equation ever derived?
There are obviously many candidates. The following list gives ten of the authors' favorites:
1. Archimedes' recurrence formula : , , ,
2. Euler formula :
3. Euler-Mascheroni constant :
4. Riemann hypothesis: and implies
5. Gaussian integral :
6. Ramanujan's prime product formula:
7. Zeta-regularized product :
8. Mandelbrot set recursion:
9. BBP formula :
10. Cauchy integral formula:
An excellent paper discussing the most beautiful equations in physics is Daniel Z. Freedman's " Some beautiful equations of mathematical physics ." Note that the physics view on beauty in equations is less uniform than the mathematical one. To quote the not-necessarily-standard view of theoretical physicist P.A.M. Dirac, "It is more important to have beauty in one's equations than to have them fit experiment."
13. Which of the following is NOT an actual interest group formed by Google employees?
A. Women's basketball
B. Buffy fans
C. Cricketeers
D. Nobel winners
E. Wine club
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
14. What will be the next great improvement in search technology?
Semantic searching of mathematical formulas. See http://functions.wolfram.com/About/ourvision.html for work currently underway at Wolfram Research that will be made available in the near future.
15. What is the optimal size of a project team, above which additional members do not contribute productivity equivalent to the percentage increase in the staff size?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 11
E) 24
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
16. Given a triangle ABC, how would you use only a compass and straight edge to find a point P such that triangles ABP, ACP and BCP have equal perimeters? (Assume that ABC is constructed so that a solution does exist.)
This is the isoperimetric point , which is at the center of the larger Soddy circle. It is related to Apollonius' problem . The three tangent circles are easy to construct: The circle around has diameter , which gives the other two circles. A summary of compass and straightedge constructions for the outer Soddy circle can be found in " Apollonius' Problem: A Study of Solutions and Their Connections" by David Gisch and Jason M. Ribando.
17. Consider a function which, for a given whole number n, returns the number of ones required when writing out all numbers between 0 and n. For example, f(13)=6. Notice that f(1)=1. What is the next largest n such that f(n)=n?
The following Mathematica code computes the difference between [the cumulative number of 1s in the positive integers up to n] and [the value of n itself] as n ranges from 1 to 500,000:
The solution to the problem is then the first position greater than the first at which data equals 0:
which are the first few terms of sequence A014778 in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
Checking by hand confirms that the numbers from 1 to 199981 contain a total of 199981 1s:
18. What is the coolest hack you've ever written?
While there is no "correct" answer, a nice hack for solving the first problem in the SIAM hundred-dollar, hundred-digit challenge can be achieved by converting the limit into the strongly divergent series:
and then using Mathematica's numerical function SequenceLimit to trivially get the correct answer (to six digits),
You must tweak parameters a bit or write your own sequence limit to get all 10 digits.
[Other hacks are left to the reader.]
19. 'Tis known in refined company, that choosing K things out of N can be done in ways as many as choosing N minus K from N: I pick K, you the remaining.
This simply states the binomial coefficient identity .
Find though a cooler bijection, where you show a knack uncanny, of making your choices contain all K of mine. Oh, for pedantry: let K be no more than half N.
'Tis more problematic to disentangle semantic meaning precise from the this paragraph of verbiage peculiar.
20. What number comes next in the sequence: 10, 9, 60, 90, 70, 66, ?
A) 96
B) 1000000000000000000000000000000000\
0000000000000000000000000000000000\
000000000000000000000000000000000
C) Either of the above
D) None of the above
This can be looked up and found to be sequence A052196 in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, which gives the largest positive integer whose English name has n letters. For example, the first few terms are ten, nine, sixty, ninety, seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six, …. A more correct sequence might be ten, nine, sixty, googol, seventy, sixty-six, ninety-six, googolplex. And also note, incidentally, that the correct spelling of the mathematical term " googol" differs from the name of the company that made up this aptitude test.
The first few can be computed using the NumberName function in Eric Weisstein's MathWorld packages:
A mathematical solution could also be found by fitting a Lagrange interpolating polynomial to the six known terms and extrapolating:
21. In 29 words or fewer, describe what you would strive to accomplish if you worked at Google Labs.
[This exercise is left to the reader.]
at 1:01 AM 2 comments Links to this post
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